Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology : List with all references

Proto-West-Caucasian: *č̣́ǝ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to break, crush

Adyghe: pǝč̣́ǝ-/pǝč̣́ǝč̣́ǝ

Kabardian: pǝ-ṣ́ǝč̣́ǝ-

Ubykh: č̣́a-ča-

Comments: PAK *č̣́ǝ- (preserved in Ad. pǝ-č̣́ǝ-) / *č̣́ǝ-ḳǝ-, used only with preverbs (besides pǝ- cf. also Ad. gʷa-č̣́ǝč̣́ǝ-n id.; the compounds mean actually 'to break off the tip, front part' /pǝ-/ or 'to break off the middle part' /gʷa-/). Ub. trans. č̣́a-sǝ-čá-n, intr. č̣́a-čá-n ("it breaks, gets crushed"). In both subgroups the root is used mostly within compounds, but its basic meaning is clear enough.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ä̆nć̣Ĕ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to break, split

Proto-Nakh: *ʡ-iṭṭ- / *ʡ-oṭṭ-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=ič̣- / *č̣in-

Proto-Lak: =a=č̣i-

Proto-West Caucasian: *č̣́ǝ-

Notes: Cf. also PNC *-ič̣wĔn 'to cut', which is close phonetically and semantically and is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the present root. Nevertheless, the distinction seems necessary (the two roots are opposed at least in Av.-And. and in WC), and the reconstruction seems plausible.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʡ-iṭṭ- / *ʡ-oṭṭ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to prick, stick in, insert

Chechen: ʕitt- / ʕott-

Ingush: ʕott-

Batsbi: ħoṭṭ- (Desheriyev)

Comments: The root is used only with the laryngeal preverbs *ʡ- / *ħ-, and demonstrates a case of the rare PN Ablaut *i (dur.) / *o (term.).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=ič̣- / *č̣in-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to kill 2 to die 3 to fade, wither

Avar: č̣ʷa- 1,=eč̣á- 3

Chadakolob: č̣ʷa- 1

Andian language: =ič̣- 2

Akhvakh: =eč̣-il- 3 (Tl.)

Chamalal: =ič̣- 2

Tindi: =ič̣- 2

Karata: =ič̣- 2

Botlikh: =ič̣- 2

Bagvalal: =ič̣- 2

Godoberi: =ič̣- 2

Comments: In most Andian languages (cf., e.g., Cham. =ič̣-al-, Tind. =ič̣-al- etc.) the causative form of this stem is used for the verb 'to kill', and the stem itself means also 'to get spoiled, extinct; to fade, wither'. The primary meaning of it in Proto-Avaro-Andian must have been 'split, break' - cf. Av. (stem I as opposed to č̣ʷa-, stem II) -ič̣- 'split, break'.

Some problems are caused by the Av. labialisation - since all Andian evidence (and also Av. -ič̣-) uniformly points to unlabialised *č̣. Av. č̣ʷá- has also the meanings 'beat, hit, pound (into smth.)' and thus may be a result of contamination with another root, *č̣ʷVn- q.v.

The original stem II of the PA root *-ič̣- is probably PA *č̣in- 'to pound, crush' (And., Cham., Tind., God. č̣in-, Kar. č̣ijã-). And. and Kar. reflect also a derived stem *=ič̣-Vn- 'to fade, wither' (And. =eč̣an-d-, Kar. =eč̣an-).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: =a=č̣i-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to divide, to be divided

Lak form: =a=č̣i-n

Comments: G. pr. =a=č̣u-nu. The original meaning must have been 'to get split', preserved in Khosr. =ač̣i-n (=a=č̣-undi), which also means 'to be divided'.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ć̣VŋV

Meaning: to break

North Caucasian: *=ä̆nć̣Ĕ

Sino-Tibetan: *ćhăŋ (~ ʒ́h-)

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ćhăŋ (~ ʒ́h-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: injure, break

Chinese: 戕 *ʒ́aŋ kill; injure.

Burmese: ćhaŋh to destroy.

Chinese characters :

Character: 戕

Modern (Beijing) reading: qiáng

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́haŋ

Classic Old Chinese: ʒhaŋ

Western Han Chinese: ʒhaŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒhjaŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒhjaŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒhjaŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒhjaŋ

Middle Chinese: ʒjaŋ

English meaning : kill; injure; maltreat; spear

Russian meaning[s]: закалывать(ся); убивать; губить

Comments: For *ʒ́h cf. Chaozhou chaŋ2, Fuzhou chioŋ2.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 62

Four-angle index: 6760

Karlgren code: 0727 g-i