Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology : List with all references

Proto-West-Caucasian: *c:ʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 plough 2 ploughshare 3 to plough

Abkhaz: á-č̌-matʷa 1

Abaza: čʷa-ʁʷa-ra 3

Adyghe: cʷā-bza 2

Kabardian: vā-bʒa 2

Ubykh: cʷā-bźá 2

Comments: The root is used only in compounds. Abkh.: á-č̌-matʷa 'plough' (-matʷa 'thing'), a-č̌-éjχa 'ploughshare' (ájχa 'iron'), a-č̌-mā 'ploughhandle' (a-mā́ 'handle), a-č̌a-ʁʷa-ra 'to plough' (lit. 'to pull the plough' = Abaz. čʷa-ʁʷa-ra id.). Ub.: cʷā-bźá 'ploughshare' ( = PAK *c:ʷa-bʒá id.; about the second part see under PWC *pǝźa), cʷǝ-ntá 'furrow left by a plough'. All these data leave no doubt in the existence of a separate PWC root *c:ʷa 'plough'. Shagirov (1, 104-105) is quite right in distinguishing this root from PWC *c:ʷǝ 'ox'; however, his proposal to consider it the same morpheme as *zʷa 'to plough' (q.v.) can not be accepted - all languages clearly distinguish these two roots phonetically.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *Hrājc_ū

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wooden plough; mattock

Proto-Nakh: *ʔāsṭi(n)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʔirc:i / *ric:i

Proto-Lak: qa-ras:

Proto-Dargwa: *durac:

Proto-West Caucasian: *c:ʷa

Notes: A common NC cultural term. Despite some difficulties (due to occasional contaminations with other roots, see above), the semantic and phonetic unity of all the listed forms seems obvious.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʔāsṭi(n)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hoe, mattock 2 instrument for planing wood

Chechen: ästa 1,2

Ingush: äst 2

Batsbi: asṭĩ 2

Comments: 4th class in all languages. Cf. also Cheb. āsti, Lev. ǟsti, Shar. ēsti etc.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʔirc:i / *ric:i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wooden plough

Akhvakh: ʕerc:e (Tlan.)

Chamalal: rec:i (Gig.)

Godoberi: rec:i

Comments: The root should be distinguished from *pirVc:V q.v., although the two roots sometimes merge (cf. in Akhv.: North. Akhv., Tseg. ʕebec:e, Ratl. ʕeberc:e).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: qa-ras

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wooden plough

Lak form: qaras

Comments: Obl. qurs:u-; cf. also Khosr. qaras, qurs:u- id. The Lak word is probably a compound of qu 'field' + *(HV)ras: ( < *Hrājc_ū) 'plough'.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *durac:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wooden plough

Akusha: duraz

Chiragh: darac:

Comments: Cf. also Ur. duraʒ, Kub. dāc, Tsud. durac id. Dargwa is the source for names of 'plough' in several Lezghian languages: Tab., Ag. duruc, Lezg. türez (Khl. turaz). A special reflex is found in Tsakhur: Tsakh. wēca, Gelm. wɨjaca < *ruraca 'wooden plough'. Since a normal reflex of *Hrājc_ū in PL would be *rac, this Tsakhur word should be also considered a loan from early Dargwa (before the development (*Hurac: > *rurac:) > *durac:.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Hrā́j[c]ū

Meaning: plough

North Caucasian: *Hrājc_ū

Sino-Tibetan: *rū̆jH ( ~ -o-)

Burushaski: *harṣ

Basque: *hai(n)cur̄

Comments and references : DCE 17. The parallel is striking, but the Bur. word seems to be derived from har-́ `to plough', the reflexes of which are not attested elsewhere; whether it is in any way related to har `bull, ox' is also unclear (it may be = PEC *χ_[ǝ]rV `ewe, ram').

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rū̆jH ( ~ -o-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: part of a plough

Chinese: 耒 *r_ujʔ, *r_ūjs plough stem, a plough.

Kachin: (H) sumro the socket of a ploughshare.

Chinese characters :

Character: 耒

Modern (Beijing) reading: lěi

Preclassic Old Chinese: rujʔ

Classic Old Chinese: rwǝ́j

Western Han Chinese: rwǝ́j

Eastern Han Chinese: rwǝ́j

Early Postclassic Chinese: lwíj

Middle Postclassic Chinese: lwíj

Late Postclassic Chinese: lwí

Middle Chinese: lwí

English meaning : plough, plough-handle

Russian meaning[s]: ручки сохи; соха; плуг

Comments: Also read *rūjʔ-s, MC lòj id. Attested already in Yijing, but absent from Schüssler's dictionary. Standard Sino-Viet. is lỗy. For *r cf. Fuzhou lɔi⁶, Jianou lo⁶.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 127

Four-angle index: 5357

Karlgren code: 0578 a

Vietnamese reading: truy

bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *harṣ

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: plough

Yasin: harṣ, haṣc̣

Hunza: harṣ

Nagar: harṣ

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *hai(n)cur̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hoe 2 spade 3 pickax, mattock

Bizkaian: atxur 2

Gipuzkoan: aitzur 2

High Navarrese: aitzur 2

Low Navarrese: haitzur, aintzur 1, 2

Lapurdian: haintzur 2

Zuberoan: háitzür 1, 2, 3

Roncalese: aintzur 1

Comments: It is unclear whether the words mean 'hoe' or 'spade': Span. azada can mean either. Larrasquet (1939) has 'pioche (mais non bêche ni houe)' (for ZBR). Jacobsen (1995: 131) mentions "Eastern forms for 'hoe' ... (h)aintzur, antxur, and altxur," and mentions the association (probably secondary) with *ɦaic 'rock' (q.v.). Several external parallels are possible: PNC *HăjʒV̄ 'chisel'; PNC *Hrājc_ū 'wooden plow, mattock'; PEC *ɦwālźV 'axe'; or *=ämźŬ 'to plow, sow', or perhaps some contamination between two or more of these. *hai(n)cur̄ may have influenced *haiskora 'axe' (usually derived from Lat. asciola). Cf. also Trask (1997: 289).