Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology : List with all references

Proto-West-Caucasian: *q̇́Iʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to tan, rumple, soften (leather) 2 to thresh

Abaza: ħ:ʷa-ra 1

Adyghe: ʡʷa-n 2

Kabardian: ʡʷa-n 2,1

Comments: PAK *ʡʷa (the meaning 'to tan, soften' is preserved in Kab. ʡʷa-tǝ-n and Ad. ša-ʡʷā-ca, Kab. fa-ʡʷā-ʒa 'implement for softening leather' - see Kuipers 1975, 73).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=HVq̇_wĔ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to rumple, knead

Proto-Avaro-Andian: =aḳ:ʷV(n) ( ~ -o-)

Proto-Tsezian: *=eq̇ʷ- / *q̇eq̇ʷ-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔäq̇Iʷa ( ~ -ɨ)

Proto-West Caucasian: *q̇́Iʷa

Notes: A common NC verb; due to its semantics subject to expressive changes (especially in the Av.-And. area) - but still the reconstruction seems both phonetically and semantically plausible.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=aḳ:ʷV(n) ( ~ -o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to rumple, crumple 2 to knead 3 to rub

Avar: ḳ:ʷa- 1

Chadakolob: =uḳéḳn- 2

Andian language: ḳ:ʷar-d- 2

Tindi: =ak:ʷĩ- 2

Karata: ḳ:ʷar- 1,2

Comments: An expressive verbal root. The Chad. reduplication exactly matches lit. Avar =uḳ:=uḳ:n- (a reduplicated stem with double class prefixes) 'to become rumpled, crumpled'. Besides the forms cited cf. also Av. =uḳ:n- 'to be rumpled, crumpled', Tind. =ak:ʷa-š:- 'to rumple', Kar. ḳ:ʷar-aš:-, Archo., Anch. =eḳ:ʷa-š:-, Tok. ḳ:ob- 'to rumple, to knead'; Akhv. (Tseg.) iḳ:ʷar- 'to rub', And. č̣:an-d- 'to rub', Cham. ṣan- (Gig. =ac̣:a-h-), Tind. ḱ:an- id. As seen from the data, following stems are represented: a) *=aḳ:ʷVn- (stem I) / *ḳ:ʷan- > *ḳ:an- (stem II); b) *ḳ:ʷa-r- / *ḳ:ʷa-b- (also *ʔiḳ:ʷa-r- in Akhv.); c) *=Vḳ:ʷa-š:- / *ḳ:ʷar-aš:-

It is possible that several roots (all with a tense root obstruent ḳ: or ḳ:ʷ) are mixed together here, but there is absolutely no possibility to distinguish between them.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=eq̇ʷ- / *q̇eq̇ʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to press out 2 to rumple 3 to knead

Tsezi: =iq̇-ir- 1,q̇uq̇-2

Khvarshi: q̇uq̇- 2

Bezhta: q̇uq̇- 3 (Tlad.)

Comments: PTsKh *=eq̇ʷ-, *q̇eq̇ʷ- > *q̇uq̇-. Cf. perhaps also Bezht. Tlad. q̇o-ƛ- 'to press' (reflecting an old compound).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔäq̇Iʷa ( ~ -ɨ)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to rub; to rumple, crumple

Tsakhur: g-oq̇Ia-

Archi: =āq̇Ia-

Comment: Cf. Arch. dur. =arq̇Iu-r. In Tsakh. (Mikik dialect) the MSU recordings distinguish between ǵ-o=q̇Ia- 'to rumple; knead' and g-o=q̇Iʷa- 'to rub'; it seems probable that these are only transcription differences.