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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *χ(I)a-
Meaning: 1 to hear 2 to be heard, reach one's ears
Abkhaz: a-ħa-rá 1
Abaza: ħa-ra, ʕa-ħa-ra 2
Comments: PAT *ħa-. The PWC reconstruction is tentative: without Ub. and AK parallels we could reconstruct *χ, *χ́,*q̇I,*q̇́I,*χI or *χ́I.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-comment,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=Hǝχ_Vr-
Meaning: to know, perceive
Notes: The original *-r-declension is preserved in PD; traces of it are perhaps also seen in PL (although the verb has a defective paradigm there). The verb may have had a second stem, *-HǝχVl- (or, *-HoχVl- with Ablaut) reflected in PD as *-uχVl- and in PA as *-iχʷVn-. The source of the PA labialisation is not quite clear - perhaps we should reconstruct *-HǝmχVr- or *-HǝwχVr- with a medial labial resonant.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *=iχʷ-/*ʔiχʷVn-(~qʷ)
Meaning: 1 to know 2 to be able 3 to be possible
Avar: =eh- 3
Chadakolob: =eh- 3
Chamalal: eχʷn-2,3,=eχʷ-1
Tindi: eχʷĩ- 2
Comments: Cf. also Cham. beh-id-, Tind. =eh- 'to be possible' - obviously borrowed from Avar and coexisting with genuine reflexes eχʷVn-, eχʷĩ-.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *=aχ-/*=uχ:Vl-
Meaning: know
Akusha: =ah-/=al-
Chiragh: ha=a(r)χ-,=uχ:-
Comments: Cf. also Ur. =ah(r)-/=al- id. The form =al- in Ak. and Ur. is obviously a contraction from =ahl- (or =alh-), cf. Chir. =uχ:ul-. The root reveals a rather strange alternation of -χ- and -χ:-.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔaχI:a-
Meaning: 1 to know 2 to teach 3 be able 4 teaching,lesson
Tabasaran: aʁIu- 1
Agul: aħa- 1
Tsakhur: =aχI:a- 1,3
Kryz: ħa-r jeriǯ 2
Udi: aχI 4
Comment: A verbal stem, but mostly with a defective paradigm (only in compound gerund forms in Tab., Ag. and Kryz.); Udi has preserved an old deverbative noun.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: d-aχi
North Caucasian etymology: 60
Meaning: to see (dur.)
Khinalug form: daχi
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=Hǝ́χVr-
Meaning: to know (?)
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-buru,sccet-basq,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *re (t-)
Meaning: know
Tibetan: dra experienced, learned.
Burmese: krah to hear.
Kachin: (H) rai be able, can (mostly found in religious poetry).
Lushai: hria (hre, hriat) to know, hear, feel.
Comments: Cf. also Chin 解 *grēʔ understand; Tib. sgra sound, voice. Luce 1.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 知
Modern (Beijing) reading: zhī
Preclassic Old Chinese: tre
Classic Old Chinese: tre
Western Han Chinese: ṭe
Eastern Han Chinese: ṭe
Early Postclassic Chinese: ṭe
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṭe
Late Postclassic Chinese: ṭe
Middle Chinese: ṭe
English meaning : to know, understand
Russian meaning[s]: 1) знать; понимать; познавать; воспринимать; быть хорошо знакомым, хорошо знать, разбираться (в чем-л.); познание; интеллект, разум; 2) уведомлять, ставить в известность; 3) ведать, управлять; правитель; [zhì] мудрость; мудрый, см. 智
Radical: 111
Four-angle index: 1078
Karlgren code: 0863 a
Vietnamese reading: tri
Bijiang Bai: ṭa6-
Shijing occurrences: 33.4, 40.1, 51.3, 58.5
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-bijiang,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 638
Character: 知
MC description : 止開三平支知
ZIHUI: 4249 0438
Beijing: c̣î_ 11
Jinan: c̣î_ 11
Xi'an: c̣î_ 11
Taiyuan: ci_ 1
Hankou: ci_ 11
Chengdu: ci_ 11
Yangzhou: ci_ 11
Suzhou: cü 11
Wenzhou: ci_ 11
Changsha: c̣î_ 11
Shuangfeng: c̣î_ 11
Nanchang: ci_ 11
Meixian: ti 11
Guangzhou: či 11
Xiamen: ti 11 (lit.); cai 11
Chaozhou: cai 11
Fuzhou: ti 11
Shanghai: ci_ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: či 1
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *he-n-
Meaning: know
Yasin: -hén-
Hunza: hén-, héi-
Nagar: hén-, héi-
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *e=her̄i / *aiher̄
Meaning: 1 to find out, notice, guess, divine 2 to announce, communicate 3 propensity, inclination, penchant 4 supposition, assumption, guess 5 rancor, grudge
Bizkaian: igarri 1, iragarri 2
Gipuzkoan: igarri, igerri 1, aier-kunde 3
High Navarrese: igerri 1
Low Navarrese: aiher 3, 5, (Aldude) aiher-kunde 5
Lapurdian: aiher 3, 5
Baztanese: aier 3, aier-kunde 5
Zuberoan: áiher 3, 4, 5
Comments: The form igerri is not found in Azkue, but is cited by Michelena (1961: 69), who also connected the western verb igerri, igarri with the noun *aiher̄. There is a wide semantic range that can be distilled as 'guess, suppose' > 'supposition (of wrongdoing)' > 'grudge', etc.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-bzt,basqet-zbr,basqet-comments,
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