North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=HēwχV(n)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to become warm, hot, catch fire

Proto-Nakh: *=ʕābχ-V(n)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iχVn-

Proto-Tsezian: *=ɨχ:V- A

Proto-Dargwa: *=uχ:(Vn)-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔeχVn- (~-l-)

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. "Lax" phonation (hence *-χ-) is suggested by PN, PA and PL reflexes; however, the PTs and Darg. forms point rather to *=Hēwχ_V(n). Reasons for this variation are not quite clear.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *=ʕābχ-V(n)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hot

Chechen: =owχa

Ingush: =ʕajχa

Batsbi: =apχẽ

Comments: This adjective is a derivate from a verbal root *=ʕōbχ-/*=ʕēbχ-, reflected in Bacb. =epχ-dar 'to warm up' (dur.), =opχ-dar id. (term. = Chech. =oχ-dan). Cf. also other Bacb. derivates: jopχ "heat", dopχ "sweat", dapχ-na "heat", japχol "warmth".

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=iχVn-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 warm 2 to kindle 3 to become heated

Avar: χína-b 1

Chadakolob: χéna-b 1

Akhvakh: =iχ(ũ) 2

Tindi: =iχ- 3

Comments: In Av. Chad. ħ- would be expected normally; χ- should probably be explained by the influence of literary Avar. An Ablaut variant of the same root is PA *ʔoχ(ʷ)Vn- 'to boil, seethe' > And. oχʷon- (the MSU recording is oχ:ʷon-, which is probably a misspelling), Akhv. ãχun-, Cham. aχʷa-ta-d- (Gig. aχaχ-), Kar. ahan- (Anch. ãχuχʷ-, Tok. ũhũh-), God. ãwuχ-.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=ɨχ:V- A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: warm

Ginukh: =eχƛ̣es

Khvarshi: =eχχu

Inkhokvari: =ɨχχu

Bezhta: iχijo

Gunzib: =ɨχχu

Comments: PTsKh *=ɨχ-, PGB *=ɨχ-. This is a verbal stem, cf. Gunz. =ɨχ-la 'to warm up, get warm'.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=uχ:(Vn)-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to burn (intr.)

Akusha: =uχ-es

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔeχVn- (~-l-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to catch fire

Archi: eχmus (eχin-)

Comment: The verb is isolated in Arch., but has probable external correspondences.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=HV̄wxkV́ń

Meaning: to cook, bake, roast

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=HēwχV(n)

Sino-Tibetan: *kăŋ

Yenisseian: *ʔǝqan (~h-,x-,-ǝ̄-)

Comments and references : HGC 36, NSC 54 *-χAŋV, WFR 121. Cf. also PEA *kʷŏ́nʔ 'fire'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kăŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fry, roast

Burmese: kaŋ to broil, roast, toast.

Kachin: kaŋ² be hot, be dry, as paddy, gǝkaŋ¹ roast, toast, bake.

Lushai: kaŋ (kan) to fry, kaŋ evaporate, dry up; be exposed to the sun (cf. also kāŋ burn).

Kiranti: *kaŋ

Comments: Rawang dǝgaŋ toast; Ao Naga *koŋ 'dry'. Ben 71-2; Mat. 162.

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *kaŋ

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: put on stove, fire

Sunwar: 'kā-ca

Tulung: koa(t)-

Kaling: kɔnä (kɔŋu)

Yamphu: mi-gäŋa 'glow or warmth of a fire'

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: migäŋa

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: glow or warmth of a fire.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔǝqan (~h-,x-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to boil

Ket: ъ̄n / ʌ:n (Castr.: èagan 'boiled')

Yug: ʌxan

Kottish: auganaŋ

Comments: ССЕ 191-192. Werner 2, 420 *ǝqǝn.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVNKV

Meaning : fire, burn

Eurasiatic : *HenkV

Sino-Caucasian : *=HV̄wxkV́ń

Austric : PAN *egaŋ 'dry', *paŋgaŋ 'roast', PAA *kVŋ 'dry' (?); Tai *hɛŋ 'dry'; *ʔaŋ 'roast, cook'

Amerind (misc.) : *naqʷ 'sun, light, day' (R 719) [+ A]

Reference : ОСНЯ 1, 245-246.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *HenkV

Meaning: fire, burn

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *eng-

Uralic: *äŋV

Dravidian: *oṇ- 'dry' ?

Eskimo-Aleut: *ǝknǝ-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *jъn

References: ОСНЯ 1, 245-246, МССНЯ 352; ND 814 *HäŋkU 'fire'.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *Ang-Vl-; *^ong-n-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: fire; embers, charcoal

Old Indian: agní- m. `fire'; áŋgāra- m. `charcoal'

Other Iranian: NPers angišt 'Kohle'

Slavic: *ognь, *vɨ̄gnjь; *ǭ́glь

Baltic: *uñg-n-i-, *ung-un-[a]- c. || *añgl-i- c. (#382)

Latin: ignis (inschr. 1x ingnis), -is m. `Feuer, Flamme, Glut, Licht'

Russ. meaning: огонь

References: WP I 323, II 181 + REFERNUM 1425

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *uñg-n-i-, *ung-un-[a]- c.

Meaning: fire

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Old Lithuanian: ungni-s (Bretkun)

Lithuanian: ugnì-s `Feuer, Brand', ostlit. ùgni-s, ùgnē `id.'

Lettish: uguns (gen. -ns/-n̨a) m./f. `Feuer'

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 450

Root: egnis : ognis

English meaning: fire

German meaning: `Feuer'

Grammatical comments: m.

Material: Ai. agní-ḥ m. `Feuer' (= hitt. Agnis, Hrozný ZA. 38, 185, nach Laroche, Recherches sur les noms des dieux hittites 119, von den Churritern übernommen);

    lat. ignis, -is m. `Feuer, Flamme, Licht, Glut' (*egnis);

    lit. ugnìs f. (alit. auch m., Specht KZ. 59, 278²), lett. uguns m. f. ds.; das u stammt von aschwed. ughn `Ofen';

    aksl. ognь m. `Feuer' (*ognis; i-St., sekundär i̯o-St.), čech. oheň (ohně), russ. ogónь (ognjá); über čech. výheň f. `Rauchloch, Esse', skr. vȉganj m. `Schmiede', mit ganz unklarem Anlaut, s. Meillet Slave comm.² 85, zuletzt J. Holub Stručný slovnik etym. jazyka českoslov. 341.

References: WP. I 323, WH. I 676, Trautmann 334 f.

Pages: 293

PIE database: PIE database

Uralic etymology :

Number: 45

Proto: *äŋV-

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: fire; to burn

German meaning: Feuer; brennen

Mari (Cheremis): ǝŋɣä- 'schwelen, anbrennen, angesengt werden, verkohlen' (KB), eŋa- id., eŋ 'Feuer' (UB)

Komi (Zyrian): i̮ń 'Flamme', i̮ńal- 'flammen, entbrennen', i̮ńed- 'entzünden'

Khanty (Ostyak): jäŋlǝl- 'am Feuer rösten' (Vj.), jaŋǝл- (Kaz.)

Hungarian: ég- 'brennen'

References: FUV; MSzFgrE; TESz; EtSz; Bár.SzófSz; Budenz MUSz; Rez. von Bereczki über Mr.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *oṇ- (?)

Meaning : dry

Proto-South Dravidian: *Uṇ-aŋ-

Notes : A good SDR root, but not met outside SDR.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *Uṇ-aŋ-

Meaning : dry

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : uṇaŋku (uṇaŋki-)

Tamil meaning : to dry (intr., as grain, vegetables, fish), become gaunt, shrink, shrivel, pine away

Tamil derivates : uṇaŋkal dried grain, dried food material, withered flower; uṇakku (uṇakki-) to cause to dry, dry in the sun; uṇakku, uṇakkam withering, drooping, dejection; uṇattu (uṇatti-) to cause to dry, emaciate; nuṇaŋku (nuṇaŋki-) to droop, fade, wither; (Koll.) onar- to be dried; onatt- to dry up (tr.)

Malayalam : uṇaŋŋuka

Malayalam meaning : to dry, fade, heal (as a wound)

Malayalam derivates : uṇaŋŋikka to heal; uṇakkuka to put to dry, air, dry; uṇakkam, uṇakku dryness

Kannada : oṇagu

Kannada meaning : to dry, become dry, sapless, wither, emaciate; n. state of being dry

Kannada derivates : oṇagisu to cause to dry; oṇa, oṇaku, oṇagilu becoming dry, state of being dry, withered, sapless, empty; oṇaka emaciated man

Kodagu : oṇaŋg- (oṇaŋgi-)

Kodagu meaning : to become dry, wither, heal

Kodagu derivates : oṇak- (oṇaki-) to dry (tr.)

Tulu : oṇakaṭṭụ, oṇakaṭṭe

Tulu meaning : dried, faded, emaciated

Tulu derivates : oṇụŋgelụ, uṇụŋgelụ dry, withered, thin; oṇakelụ dryness; (B-K.) uṇụŋgu, nuŋgu to dry

Proto-Nilgiri : *oṇ-ǝg-

Number in DED : 0601

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *oṇ-ǝg-

Meaning : dry

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : oṇg- (oṇgy-) "to become dry in heat, wither"

Toda : wɨṇx- (wɨṇxy-) "to wither, dry (intr.)"

Additional forms : Also Kota oṇk- (oṇky-) to dry (tr.) in heat or sun; Toda wɨṇg- (wɨṇgy-) to become scorched (by sun); wɨṇk- (wɨṇky-) to wither, dry (tr.), roast (meat); wɨṇg ɨḍ- to put to dry

Number in DED : 601

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *ǝknǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: fire

Russian meaning: огонь

Proto-Yupik: *ǝknǝ-ʁ (~ *kǝnǝ-ʁ), *ǝknǝ-ŋǝ-, *ǝkn-a-

Proto-Inupik: *iknǝ-ʁ, *ikn-a-

Comments: The stem looks like a derivative (deverbal noun) from *ǝkǝ(-) 'to burn', but a regular nominal affix must have had preserved a regular uvular consonant in the auslaut position. As is evidenced by Naukan and Inupik data, the uvular, on the contrary, is actually "dropped". We can therefore suggest a secondary reinterpretation of the root as a former derivative with the suffix -nǝʁ.

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 101

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *ǝknǝ-ʁ (~ *kǝnǝ-ʁ), *ǝknǝ-ŋǝ-, *ǝkn-a-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: fire 1, to build a fire under 2, to build a fire, to start to burn 3, to cook 4

Russian Meaning: огонь 1, разводить огонь, готовить 2, разжигать, зажигать 3, готовить 4

Sirenik: //ǝkn_ǝχ [Krup.] 1

Chaplino: kǝnǝ́q (ʁǝt) 1, kɨnak* 1, kǝnʁǝ́k (t) du. 'bonfire',

Naukan: ǝ́knǝq 1, ǝknáq 'stove', ǝknín 'fire-match'

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: kǝnǝq 1, kǝniʁ- 2

Chugach (AAY): kǝnǝŋǝ- 'to fire (shell)', kǝniʁ- 2, PWS 4

Koniag (AAY): kǝniʁ- 4, kǝnǝŋǝ- 3

Chugach (Birket-Smith): kǝ̆nịq, ʔniq 1, ʔnī̮ɫǝq 'fire place'

Central Alaskan Yupik: kǝnǝq (ʁ) 1, 'conflagration', kǝnŋǝ- 3

CAY Dialects: K, BB kǝniʁ- 4

Egegik (Peripheral): Y kǝniʁ- 2

Chevak (Peripheral): kǝniʁ- (+NI) 2

Nunivak (Peripheral): kinạx* 1

Norton Sound (Peripheral): kǝn_ǝq (ʁ) 1, kǝniʁ- 2

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 101

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *ị̊knǝ̣-ʁ, *ikn-a-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: fire 1, to strike fire 2, flintstone 3

Russian meaning: огонь 1, высекать огонь 2, кремень 3

Seward Peninsula Inupik: ikniq 1

SPI Dialects: Imaq ɨʔnɨ́q 1, 'candle', ɨʔnɨ́vaq 'flame', W üɣ'niq* (nāk, niʁit)

North Alaskan Inupik: iɣnɨq (ʁ) 1, iɣniń 3

NAI Dialects: B iɣniq* 1, Ingl iɣniq* 1, i'nin* 'match', Qaw itniq 1, Mal iknɨq (ʁ) 1, ikniń 3

Western Canadian Inupik: iɣniq 1, iŋnak- 2, iŋnait pl. 3

WCI Dialects: Cor iŋniq*, M iɣniq*, iŋniq* 1

Eastern Canadian Inupik: inniq 'fire struck with stone, spark from lighter', inna(k)- 2, innaq 3

Greenlandic Inupik: inniq (ʁ) (ingneq*) 1, innaɣ- 2

GRI Dialects: NG iŋnaut 'fire-drill, lighter'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 101

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *jъn

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): огонь, искра

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ʒъn "

Proto-Itelmen: *śun-

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ʒъn "

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): огонь 1, жар 2, разгораться об огне 3, разжигать огонь 4, искра 5

Chukchee: jǝ́n-jǝn " (jǝnjǝ́n-ɣǝpǝ abl.) (II), dial. (олен.) dindin (II) 1, jǝnráw-, (АБ) jǝn-ǝp- 4, junɛ́t- 3, jǝnǝ-nto- (АБ) 3

Koryak: jǝnoklan, jǝnóklaŋ-o* pl. 5

Alutor: jǝn-jǝn " (jǝnuwwi pl.) 2

Comments: В чук. junɛt- под влиянием прачук. *ʒunet- 'жить'. См. *ъkla-n 'искра' (2223).

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *śun-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): искриться

West Itelmen: šon-kaz 1, n-uŕ'ja-šǝnĺ-kaz 2, xekkǝ-sunxt-iz 3

West Itelmen meaning: sсintillare 1, perure 2, pulvis pyrius 3

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): iskrzyć się 1, przepalać 2, proch strzelniczy 3

Comments: В зап. камч. слове 'протапливать' первая часть значит 'костер', а в слове 'порох' первая часть значит 'плохой'.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *kVŋ

Meaning: hard, dry

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *kɨaŋ / *kuaŋ (cf. also *gaŋ 'hard'; Khasi rykhiaŋ 'dry')

Austroasiatic meaning: stiff

Proto-Austronesian: *ekeŋ (also *egaŋ 'dry')

Austronesian meaning: stiff

Proto-Thai: goŋ.A durable CK

Notes: Prob. two roots (another with prnum 614)

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: kVŋ

Meaning: dry

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Khasi: rykhiaŋ

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