North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ḳăntV ~ *kănṭV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: big knife

Proto-Nakh: *ḳ́ăṭu

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ḳa(n)tV-lV

Proto-Lezghian: *kanṭ

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The Nakh form raises some doubts (loss of -n- is rather unexpected, and there is some uncertainty about the PN form itself), but still the etymology seems reliable.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ḳ́ăṭu

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 big scissors 2 scissors for shearing sheep

Chechen: č̣oda 2

Ingush: ḳod 1

Batsbi: q̇ajṭŭ 2

Comments: Initial uvular in Bacb. is unclear; otherwise correspondences are regular.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ḳa(n)tV-lV ( ~ -o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: big knife

Akhvakh: ḳatla (Ratl.)

Comments: Attested only in Akhv., but having probable external parallels.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *kanṭ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 big knife 2 knife

Lezghian: kant 1

Agul: kanṭ 1

Rutul: kanṭ 2

Kryz: känṭ 2

Budukh: kǝnṭ 2

Comment: In Lezg. the second consonant was assimilated and lost glottalisation (cf. also erg. kantu-ni). 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages. Obl. stem *kanṭɨ- (cf. Ag. Fit. kanṭ, kanṭu-; Rut. kánṭi-; these forms could also point to *kanṭe-, but this is less probable, because in that case we would expect a palatalisation of *-ṭ in Lezg. and Kryz.).

    See Хайдаков 1973, 87.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ḳăntV ( ~ xḳ-)

Meaning: knife, cut

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ḳăntV ~ *kănṭV

Sino-Tibetan: *kĕt

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kĕt

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cut out; cut down, fell

Chinese: 製 *kets to cut out, to fashion (a garment).

Burmese: ? kjit 'large scissors for cutting metal'

Lushai: kit (kiʔ) to fell, cut down.

Chinese characters :

Character: 製

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhì

Preclassic Old Chinese: kets

Classic Old Chinese: keć

Western Han Chinese: kjaś

Eastern Han Chinese: kjaś

Early Postclassic Chinese: kjeś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kjèj

Late Postclassic Chinese: kjèj

Middle Chinese: ćèj

English meaning : to cut out, to fashion (a garment) [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) вырабатывать, фабриковать; производить, изготовлять; 2) скроить, сшить (платье); 3) составлять, сочинять; 4) покрой; фасон; тип

Comments: = 制 q. v.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 145

Four-angle index: 5682

Karlgren code: 0335 b

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVNTV

Meaning : knife, cut, break

Eurasiatic : *kUŋ[d]V

Afroasiatic : *gʷV(n)daʕ/ʔ-

Sino-Caucasian : *(x)ḳăntV

Austric : PAA *kat / *ka:t 'cut', Tai *khat 'split'.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *kUŋ[d]V

Meaning: to harm, break

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *gʷedh- ( = *gʷendh-)

Altaic: *kòŋti ( ~ -e, *ki̯uŋtu)

References: ND 904 *koNdE 'to harm, spoil' ( + some Om. and Cush.). But IE *gʷedh- may be rather < *ḳUdV (cf. Bomhard).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *gʷedh-

Meaning: to beat, to break, to hurt

Old Indian: gandhayate `to injure, hurt'

Other Iranian: OPers gasta- `eklig, widerwärtig', NPers gast `schlecht', Pashto ɣandal `Ekel empfinden', Bal gandag `schlecht'

Old Greek: dénno-s m. `Beschimpfung, Lästerung'

Baltic: *ged- vb. intr., *ged-ē̂- vb., *pa=gad-a- c.

Germanic: *kwad-ja- vb., *kwat-isk-ō- vb., etc.

Russ. meaning: бить, разбивать, обижать

References: WP I 672 f

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *ged- vb. intr., *ged-ē̂- vb., *pa=gad-a- c.

Meaning: die, disappear

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: gèsti (geñda, gẽdō) `zugrunde gehen, verderben, Schaden nehmen', gedḗti 'trauern, Trauer tragen', { pagada-s `Verderben' }

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *kwadjan- vb., *kwatiskōn- vb., etc.

Meaning: break in pieces, press, crush

IE etymology: IE etymology

Swedish: dial. kvadda `in Stücke schlagen, zermalmen'

Old Frisian: quetsene `Quetschung'

Middle Dutch: quetsen, quessen `wonden, kneuzen, verbrijzelen, beschadigen, benadeln'; gewond worden, breken'

Dutch: kwetsen; vlam. kwetteren `kneuzen',

Old Franconian: quezzon `allidere'

Middle Low German: quessen, quetsen `drücken, verletzen, beschädigen'

Low German: quadderen `in Stücke schlagen, zermalmen'

Middle High German: quɛtzen, quɛtschen wk. 'schlagen, prägen; stossen, zerdrücken'

German: quetschen

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 705

Root: gʷedh-

English meaning: to push, hit, harm

German meaning: `stoßen, verletzen, zerstören'

Material: Ai. gandh- `stoßen, stechen, verletzen, zerstören' (bei Grammatikern), gandhá-ḥ m. `Geruch, Duft', av. gantay- `Gestank', mpers. gand `Gestank', apers. gasta- `eklig, widerwärtig', afgh. ɣandal `Ekel empfinden', bal. gandag `schlecht'. (Zur Bedeutungsentwicklung `stoßen, stechen' > `Geruch' vgl. z. B. ahd. stinkan `riechen, stinken' gegen got. stigqan `zusammenstoßen' und gr. κνίση `Fettdampf' gegenüber aisl. hnīta `stoßen, stechen'.)

    Gr. δέννος `Beschimpfung, Schande' (*gʷendhno-); nach Kuiper Nasalpräs. 65 hierher φθόνος m. `Neid' (Präs. *φθένω aus *gʷdh-en-);

    über mhd. quetsen, quetschen `schlagen, stoßen, quetschen' s. Kluge s. v. quetschen;

    lit. gendù, gésti `Schaden nehmen, verderben, zugrunde gehen', gadinù, gadìnti `verderben, beschädigen, stören', pagadas `Verderben', lett. ǵinstu, ǵint `zugrunde gehen'.

References: WP. I 672 f., Benveniste BSL. 38, 143.

Pages: 466-467

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *kòŋti ( ~ -e, *ki̯uŋtu)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to break, break in halves

Russian meaning: ломать, разламывать напополам

Mongolian: *könde-le

Tungus-Manchu: *koŋda-

Japanese: *kùntàk-

Comments: Poppe 84 (Tung.-Mong.; Doerfer TMN 1, 483 criticizes Poppe's TM reconstruction *köndes - which is justified, but does not abolish the parallel).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *könde-le

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: crosswise

Russian meaning: поперек

Written Mongolian: köndelen, köndülen (L 488)

Middle Mongolian: kondolen (HY 53)

Khalkha: xöndöl

Buriat: xündelen

Kalmuck: köndǝlṇ

Ordos: köndölön

Baoan: guandǝlaŋ

Dagur: hundulen (MD 166), xundul

Shary-Yoghur: köndölön

Monguor: kwǝndilen (SM 206), kundǝlen

Comments: KW 289, MGCD 374. Mong. > Chag. köndälän etc., see TMN 1, 483, Щербак 1997, 205.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *koŋda-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 crosswise 2 to break, snap, be broken 3 half (of an object)

Russian meaning: 1 поперек 2 ломать(ся) 3 половина (предмета)

Evenki: koŋdor 1, koŋdorgo- 2

Even: qoŋdъ̣s 1, qoŋdъ̣q- 2

Oroch: kondo 3

Udighe: kandugu 3

Comments: ТМС 1, 412.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kùntàk-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to break

Russian meaning: ломать

Old Japanese: kudak-

Middle Japanese: kùdàk-

Tokyo: kudák-

Kyoto: kúdák-

Kagoshima: kùdàk-

Comments: JLTT 715.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷV(n)daʕ/ʔ-

Meaning: injure, damage

Semitic: *gʷVdaʕ/ʔ- 'mutilate (of nose or lips)' 1, 'cut' 2, beat' 3, 'damage'

Central Cushitic (Agaw): *gwad- 'injure' (<Eth?)

Omotic: *gond- 'injure' 1, 'be bad' 2

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1398

Proto-Semitic: *gʷVdaʕ/ʔ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'mutilate (of nose or lips)' 1, 'cut' 2, beat' 3, 'damage'

Hebrew: gdʕ 2

Syrian Aramaic: gdʕ 1

Arabic: gdʕ [-a-] 1

Geʕez (Ethiopian): gʷdʔ 3

Tigre: gdʔ 3

Tigrai (Tigriñña): gʷdʔ 3, 4

Amharic: gʷdd 4

Argobba: gʷdd 4

Notes: Labiovelars in Ethio-Sem may reflect an earlier rounded vowel of the first syllable. Note Ethio-Sem -ʔ-

Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :

Proto-Agaw: *gwad-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'injure'

Bilin: gʷɔt-

Qwara: gʷad-

Qemant: gäd y-

Awiya (Aungi): gʷǝd-

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *gond-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'injure' 1, 'be bad' 2

Kafa (Kaficho): gond- 1

Mocha: gondo 2

Bworo (Shinasha): gondo 2

Notes: Nasal infix?

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *kat

Meaning: cut, split

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *kat / *ka:t

Austroasiatic meaning: cut

Miao-Yao parallels: Yao ka:t to cut with a knife

Proto-Thai: khat to split CK

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *kat / *ka:t

Meaning: cut

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: khat to split CK

Proto-Katuic: *kat

Proto-Bahnaric: *kat

Khmer: kat < OK kat, ka:t

Proto-Palaungic: De ka:t

Proto-Khmu: ThK kat

Khasi: dkhat to break off, snap

References: Kh 730

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *kat

Meaning: to cut

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *kat

Proto-East Katuic: *kat

References: P-205; TK16.194

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *kat

Meaning: to cut

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: kat

Bru Van Keu meaning: to cut

So: kat.N

So meaning: to cut with scissors

Bru: kat.N

Bru meaning: to cut (hair); kǝka:t to slice (into fine pieces)

Kui: kat.N

Kui meaning: to cut (cloth, hair)

Kuay: kat.N

Kuay meaning: cut

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *kat

Meaning: to cut

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: kat

Pakoh meaning: to cut in two

Taojh: kat

Taojh meaning: to reap (VL)

Lao Katu: kat

Lao Katu meaning: to cut

Ngeq: kat

Ngeq meaning: to harvest, to cut

Kri: kat

Chatong: kat

Kantu dialects: kat

Triw: kat

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *kăt

Meaning: cut

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: kat

Bahnar meaning: to cut

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *kat, tǝ-

Cua: gɔt cut

References: SPT, SBS-243

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric:

Meaning: cut

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Stieng form: kat

Stieng meaning: cut, chop

References: SBS-243

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *kat, tǝ-

Meaning: chop

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: takat

Kaseng: kat

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: ka:t', ka:t, kat'

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: kat, ka:t

Old Khmer Meaning: to cut, amputate

References: P66, JP2, JP6

Pearic etymology :

Proto-Pearic: S

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Chong: kat.A

Chong meaning: to chop (ax)

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong:

Meaning: pineapple

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Thavung-So: (ma:k)nat.2

Thavung-So meaning: pineapple

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