North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=Hīq_V(r)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to pull, take out; to drag, carry

Proto-Nakh: *=āq- / *=āqq-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iq:-

Proto-Lak: z-iI=χ:i-

Proto-Dargwa: *=a(r)q:I-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiqIV(r)-

Proto-Khinalug: -q-wi

Proto-West Caucasian: *q:V (~q́:-,q́I-)

Notes: Despite the root's somewhat expressive character, correspondences are regular, and the PNC reconstruction seems reliable. Traces of *-r-conjugation can be found in PA (stem II *q:ur-), and perhaps also in Darg. (medial -r- which is otherwise unclear) - although the decisive evidence of certain Lezghian languages is missing. See also comments to PEC *Harq_wV 'to dig'.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *=āq- / *=āqq-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to take away, take out, pull out

Chechen: =aqq-

Ingush: =aqq-

Batsbi: =aq-

Comments: Vowel length is established on basis of forms like Chech. pret. =äqqi-ra (Ing. =äqqa-b), Ing. pres. =ɔqq.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=iq:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to take away, take out 2 to pull,drag 3 to bring

Avar: =aq:- 1

Chadakolob: =aq:- 1

Andian language: =iq:- 3

Akhvakh: =eq:- 1

Chamalal: =eq:- 2

Tindi: =eq:- 2

Karata: =oq:- 1

Comments: Most Andian languages, as well as Avar, reflect stem I *=iq:- (Av. =aq:-); the -o-vocalism in Kar. (cf. also Tok. =uq:-) is not quite clear. Stem II *q:u-r- (with an -r-suffix) is reflected in And. q:ur-d- 'to pull, drag'; cf. also Cham. q:o-d-, Gig. q:u-r- id. There are also some reduplicated forms: Av. =aq:=áq:-, =aq:árq:- 'to take off, take apart', Chad. =aqaqn- 'to pull, drag', Kar. =erq:eq:- (Tok. =eq:irq:-) id.

    In Andian there is an opposition between =iq:- 'to bring' and =eq:- 'to reach' (*'to be brought'); this is probably a splitting of a single original paradigm.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: z-iI=χ:i-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to take away, take apart

Lak form: z-iI=χ:i-n

Comments: G. pr. z-iI=χ:u-nu. Cf. Khosr. z-i=χ:Ii-n id. z- is an expressive preverb. Cf. also an expressive reduplication χ:uIrχ:u =an 'to pull, drag' (Khosr. χ:Iurχ:Iu =an id.) (an exact match for Av. =aq:arq:- etc.).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=a(r)q:I-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: take away, carry away

Chiragh: =arq:I- / =iq:-

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiqIV(r)-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to drag, carry 2 to carry on the back

Tabasaran: a=qI- (imper.) 1

Agul: q-aq- 2

Archi: χIa- 1

Comment: Cf. also Ag. Bursh. q-aqi- 'to carry on back'. Tab. and Ag. reflect the Ablaut stem *ʔäqIV(r)- (in Ag. - with secondary loss of pharyngealisation in the vicinity of front vowels). There are no parallels in Tsakh. and Shakhdagh, thus it is impossible to establish the presence or absence of *-r-conjugation in PL.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *q:V (~q́:-,q́I-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to pull, drag

Abkhaz: á-χa-ra

Abaza: a-q-ra

Comments: PAT *qV- (cf. also Bzyb. á-χa-ra).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=Hīq_V(r)

Meaning: to carry, bring

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=Hīq_V(r)

Basque: *e=kar̄i

Comments and references : BCD 26.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *e=kar̄i

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bring 2 bear fruit, produce; fruit 3 be resolved, decided 4 to allege 5 to give

Bizkaian: ekarri 1, 2, 5

Gipuzkoan: ekarri 1, 5

High Navarrese: ekarri 1, 4, (Ulzama) karri 1

Low Navarrese: ekharri 1

Lapurdian: ekharri 1

Baztanese: karri 1

Zuberoan: ekharri 1, 3

Roncalese: ekarri 1

Comments: Cf. PNC *=Hīq_V(r) 'to pull, take out; to drag, carry'.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVRV

Meaning : take, bring

Eurasiatic : *gerV

Sino-Caucasian : *=Hīq_V(r) (cf. also *=á̆xGĂr)

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *gerV

Meaning: to hold

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *g'her[e]-, *g'hrē-

Uralic: *kärte

Indo-European etymology :

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1301

Proto: *kärte

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to hold, bear

German meaning: halten, ertragen, leiden, dulden

Finnish: kärsi- 'leiden, dulden' ( > Saam. K Kld. kīrše-)

Estonian: kärsi- 'ungeduldig sein, bewegt sein'

Saam (Lapp): gieŕdâ- -rd- (N) 'bear, endure; hold (intr.); stand, put up with', L kieŕta- 'dulden, leiden, aushalten, sich gefallen lassen', K (293) Not. kierde- 'leiden, dulden'

Mordovian: kiŕd́e- (E M) 'halten; halten, fest sein; leiden, ertragen; beherrschen'

Mari (Cheremis): kerδä- (KB), kerta- (U B) 'können, vermögen'

K. Redei's notes: Finn. t ist ein Ableitungssuffix. Im Tscher. dürfte ein Bedeutungswandel 'ertragen, dulden, leiden' -> 'imstande sein' -> 'können, vermögen' vor sich gegangen sein. Ostj. Ko. kȧ̆rǝt- 'steif werden' und wog. kart 'gestocktes Blut', die von Mark (Vir. 1928:188) hierzu gestellt wurden, sind syrj. Lehnwörter (Toivonen: FUF 32:32; Redei, SLW 111), ostj. (PD 855) Ko. kŏrt- 'ermüden, nicht imstande sein' kann aus lautlichen Gründen nicht hierher gehören.

References: Lindström: Suomi 1852:52; Ahlqvist, MMdGr. 157; MUSz. 796; VglWb. 186; Wiklund: MSFOu. 10:63, 183; Genetz: Suomi 1897/3/13:27, VähKirj. 23/2:27; T. I. Itkonen: MSFOu. 45:160; Mark: Vir. 1928:188; E. Itkonen: FUF 29:333, 31:171, 211, LpChr. 112; Posti: FUF 31:49; SKES.

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