North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=VqV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to suck

Proto-Nakh: *=aq-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=[i]q- / *qV-

Proto-Tsezian: *=aχ- (~-ʁ:-,-ɔ-)

Proto-Lak: t:-iqi-

Proto-Dargwa: *=elq- / *=uq-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔoχʷa

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The consonant *-q- gives more or less regular reflexes (with some variation in Aand.); however, the root vowel is quite impossible to reconstruct. This is due to the expressive nature of the root and, perhaps, to a partial contamination with PEC *ʔuq_wV q.v.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *=aq-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to suck (breast)

Chechen: =aq-

Ingush: =aq-

Batsbi: =aq-

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=[i]q- / *qV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to suck 2 to drink 3 to gulp

Avar: χú- 3, χáχ- 1

Chadakolob: ħáħ- 1; χu- 2

Akhvakh: =aq- 1

Chamalal: χed- 2

Tindi: χa- 3

Karata: k-eχ- 1

Botlikh: χ:u-d- 2

Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Tl. -aχ-, Ratl. -aq-.

    The reconstruction is not secure - obviously because of the expressive nature of the root. It occurs either in a simple form (stem 1: *-Vq-, stem 2: *qV-), reduplicated (Av. χaχ-) or with a suffixed *-d- (Cham., Tind., Botl.). Av. and Botl. have irregular consonants (in Av. - χ instead of h /Gudava 147 writes: χ:u-j-ze ?/; in Botl. χ: instead of χ; cf. also Cham. Gig. χ:u-d- ).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *-aχ- (~-ʁ:-,-ɔ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to suck (udder)

Bezhta: χ-aʁ-

Comments: Cf. also Bezht. Tlad. h-ãʁ- id. (with unclear nasalization).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: t:-iqi-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to suck

Lak form: t:-iqi-n

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=elq- / *=uq-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to suck (breast)

Akusha: =erq-es

Chiragh: =elq-/=uq-

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔoχʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to drink 2 to gulp down 3 swill, mash

Lezghian: χʷa-l 3

Tabasaran: uχ- 1

Agul: uχ- 1

Archi: χ:u-bus 2

Comment: The Arch. form is somewhat irregular (due to the expressive semantics?): we should not expect here the loss of initial vowel and the intensive χ:.

    See Лексика 1971, 261.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʔúqwV

Meaning: to drink, suck

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʔuq_wV (~-ō-)

Sino-Tibetan: *Ku 'water, spill' (if separate from *χĭw 'moisture')

Yenisseian: *-V(ʔ)KV-

Comments and references : In PNC cf. also *=VqV 'suck'. NSC 55 *-qV.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔVKV-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to drink

Arin: t́āgur (М., Сл., Кл., Срсл.) 'to drink', (Лоск.) tagorarco 'питание' (probably instead of 'питье')

Pumpokol: hokoj (Сл., Срсл., Кл.) 'пить'

Comments: ССЕ 203. The comparison is possible if Arin t́- (t-) is a prefixed morpheme. Werner (1, 322) doubts the comparison without giving any reasons.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVKV

Meaning : water

Eurasiatic : *ʕEḳu

Afroasiatic : *ʕḳ(w) 'water' (Cush. + Ar. ʕqq)

Sino-Caucasian : *ʔúqwV

Amerind (misc.) : *aq̇ʷa 'water' (R 821) [+ A K]

Reference : ND 123; GE 13 *aq̇wa (+ Khois., NS, IP, Austral.)

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ʕEḳu

Meaning: water

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *akʷ-

Altaic: *i̯ák`a ( ~ -k-); *uk`u ( ~ -k-) 'wet, wash'

Uralic: *joke (cf. also *juka)?

Dravidian: SDR *āk 'swamp' [305]; *uk- 'spill, pour'

Eskimo-Aleut: uq-ƛǝɣ-nǝʁ 'a drop'

References: МССНЯ 334, 347, ОСНЯ 1, 275-276; ND 123 *ʡaḲu (IE, Turc). [two roots]

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *akʷ- <PIH *a->

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: water (flowing)

Hittite: ? akukal(la?)- or akutal(la?)- 'Waschbecken' (Tischler 11-12)

Germanic: *a(g)w-ṓ f., *áxw-ō f.; *ō(g)w-já- m.; *a(g)w-jṓ f.

Latin: aqua f. `Wasser, Wasserleitung'

Russ. meaning: вода (проточная)

References: WP I 34 f, Buck 29, 35, 42.

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *a(g)wṓ; *áxwō; *ō(g)wjá-z; *a(g)wjṓ

Meaning: river, waters

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: ahʷa f. (ō) `river, waters'

Old Norse: ō f. Name eines Gehöftes, ON; ā f. `Fluss'; ǟgir `Meer, Gott des Meeres'; ey, gen. eyjar f. `Insel'

Old Swedish: ā `Fluss'; (run.) auiu `Insel'

Swedish: ö `Insel'

Old Danish: ā `Fluss'

Danish: ɔ `Fluss'; ö `Insel'

Old English: ēa (ǟ) f. `running water, a stream, river, water'; ǟg-weard `sea-ward, sea-guard or guardianship'; eagor `Meer, Flut'; ēg, -e f. `water, sea', īg, -e f. `Insel'

Old Frisian: ā, ē `Flus'

Old Saxon: aha `Fluss'; oi-land `Insel'

Middle Dutch: ei-land `Insel'

Dutch: a, aa f., m. naam voor kleine riviertjes en beekjes

Middle Low German: ō, ōge, ōch, ouwe, ou `Waaser(lauf), Insel (im Fluss), feuchtes Wiesenland' , LFrank ei-land; oog `Insel'

Old High German: aha f. `Fluss'; ouwa (10.Jh.), -awa `Wasser, Strom'; `Halbinsel im Flusse, wesserriches Wieseland'

Middle High German: ahe st. f. 'fluss, wasser'; ouwe, owe st. f. 'wasser, strom; von wasser umflossenes land, insel od. halbinsel'

German: { Ache }; Aue, Au f.

Comments: Far ǟgi `Meer'

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *i̯àk`ì ( ~ -k-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: liquid, flow

Russian meaning: жидкость, течь

Turkic: *iak-

Tungus-Manchu: *iaKu

Japanese: *ìkà-i

Comments: Мудрак Дисс. 196.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *iak-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to flow

Russian meaning: течь

Old Turkic: aq- (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: aq- (MK)

Turkish: ak-

Tatar: aq-

Middle Turkic: aq- (Pav. C.)

Uzbek: ɔq-

Uighur: aq-

Sary-Yughur: aq-

Azerbaidzhan: ax-

Turkmen: aq-

Khakassian: ax-

Oyrat: aq-

Chuvash: jox-

Tuva: aq-

Kirghiz: aq-

Kazakh: aq-

Noghai: aq-

Bashkir: aq-

Balkar: aq-

Gagauz: aq-

Karaim: aq-

Karakalpak: aq-

Kumyk: aq-

Comments: EDT 77, VEWT 12, ЭСТЯ 1, 118-120, Егоров 352, Федотов 2, 495.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *iaKu

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 swamp, ditch 2 brook

Russian meaning: 1 болото, лужа, канава 2 ручей

Evenki: jaku 1, jakta 2

Spoken Manchu: johǝrǝn, johurun 1 (2084)

Literary Manchu: jōχon 1

Nanai: jaqčịra 2

Udighe: jakpa` 2 (Корм. 240)

Comments: ТМС 1, 339.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *ìkà-i

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: pond

Russian meaning: пруд

Old Japanese: ike

Middle Japanese: ìkè

Tokyo: iké

Kyoto: ìkè

Kagoshima: ìké

Comments: JLTT 422.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 188

Proto: *joke

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: river

German meaning: Fluss

Finnish: joki (gen. joen) 'Fluß, Strom'

Estonian: jõgi (gen. jõe) 'Fluß, Bach'

Saam (Lapp): jǫkkâ -g- (N) 'river', jåhkå 'größerer Bach od. kleinerer Fluß', jokk (T), jōkk (Kld.), johk (Not.) 'größerer Bach, Fluß'

Mordovian: jov (E) 'der Fluß Mokscha' ?

Mari (Cheremis): joɣǝ̑-wǝt (KB) 'fließendes Wasser, Fluß', joɣǝ̑n-wüt (B) 'fließendes Wasser', joɣe- (KB U) 'fließen, rinnen' ?

Udmurt (Votyak): ju-šur (G) 'Fluß'

Komi (Zyrian): ju (S PO)

Khanty (Ostyak): pǫt-jŏχ (Kaz.) 'ein Fluß', -jaɣ (Vʔ.), jaχ- (DN) (in comp.) 'kleinerer Fluß', jɔɣǝṇ (V), jăɣ_oǝṇ (Trj.), jŏχan (O) 'kleiner Fluß', ji̮ɣi̮ (Vj.), jeχǝ (DN), jĭχĭ (Kaz.' 'kleiner Fluß'

Mansi (Vogul): jē (TJ), jā (KU So.), jē̮, jē (KO) 'Fluß'

Hungarian: jó (in geogr. names)

Nenets (Yurak): jaχā (ō) 'Fluß'

Enets (Yen): d́aha (Ch.)

Selkup: kî (Ta. Ke. N), kī̮kä (Tüʁ.) 'Fluß', čaqi̮ (Ta.) 'Sumpf, kleiner See'

Kamass: ćaɣa 'Fluß, Strom, Bach'

Janhunen's version: (15) *juka

Sammalahti's version: *juka

Addenda: Mot. čaga 'Fluß'; Taig. ча́га

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *ug-

Meaning : to shed (hair)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *ug-, *ug-c-

Proto-Telugu : *ūc-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *ug-, *ug-c-

Meaning : to shed, spill

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : uku (ukuv-, ukk-)

Tamil meaning : to be shed as feathers or hair, be spilled, gush forth, fall down, die, set

Tamil derivates : (-pp-, -tt-) to let fall, spill, scatter, cast, shed as leaves or feathers, shed (tear), pour out; ukuvu spilling

Malayalam : ūkka

Malayalam meaning : to spill, shed

Kannada : ugu (okk-)

Kannada meaning : to become loose, burst forth, flow, run, trickle, be shed or spilt; let loose, etc.; vomit

Kannada derivates : ugisu to spill, shed, etc.; ogu, ogisu = ugu, ugisu

Tulu : guppuni

Tulu meaning : to pour, shed, spill

Tulu derivates : (B-K.) ugipu id.

Proto-Nilgiri : *ug-/*ūc-

Miscellaneous : KOR (T) ogi to pour

Number in DED : 0562

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *ug-/*ūc-

Meaning : to split, leak

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : ūc- (ūc-) "to be spilt; spill (tr.), pour (water, grain), pour off (water from grain)"

Toda : ūc- (ūč-) "to throw away (dirty water)"

Additional forms : Also Toda ux- (uk-) to leak, dribble; uf- (ufɵ-) to fall down (of flowers or fruit); (uft-) to shake off (water from head, dust, mud), empty (bag of grain), throw (spear), shout (words of song, nöw)

Number in DED : 562

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *ūc-

Meaning : to fall off as hair from sickness

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : ūcu

Additional forms : Also ? guppu to throw, fling, sprinkle (as something contained in the closed hand), discharge (as an arrow)

Number in DED : 562

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