North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *pħīlV (~-ʕ-,-ɫ-,-ɨ̄-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a k. of foliage tree

Proto-Nakh: *b(ɦ)ōl-ik (~-ʕ-)

Proto-Tsezian: *bɨle (~-i-)

Proto-Dargwa: *paIl

Notes: An irregular voicing *p- > b- in Western languages should be probably explained by the initial cluster *pħ- or *pʕ-.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *b(ɦ)ōl-ik (~-ʕ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: grove

Chechen: bȫlak

Comments: Isolated in Chech., but having probable external parallels (cf. even a similar suffix formation in Chech. and Darg.).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *bɨle (~-i-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 poplar 2 ash-tree 3 asp

Tsezi: beIli 1,2

Ginukh: bele 1

Khvarshi: bel (Radzhibov)

Inkhokvari: buIle 3

Comments: PTsKh *bɨIRe.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *paIl

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: asp

Akusha: paIlpaIlag

Comments: The Ak. stem is reduplicated and has a velar suffix (cf. the Nakh form). The simple form is preserved in Tsud. paIl id.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *pħǝ̄́ɫV̄

Meaning: a k. of tree

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *pħīlV (~-ʕ-,-ɫ-,-ɨ̄-)

Sino-Tibetan: *bhū[l] (?)

Yenisseian: *ʔɨpVl

Burushaski: *phel-c ?

Basque: *es-pel

Comments and references : NSC 61 *pHVɫV, WFR 36, LDC 25.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *bhū[l] (~-ɨ̄-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: root, trunk

Chinese: 本 *pǝ̄rʔ root, trunk, 笨 *bǝ̄rʔ bamboo root.

Tibetan: sbun, spun stalk of a plant.

Burmese: LB *s-pVn root

Kachin: phun³ tree, bush, a stalk.

Lushai: bul, KC *bul root.

Comments: BG: Garo bor (Burling), Dimasa bon , Bodo bon firewood; Andro phol; Moshang pūl; Namsangia pan. Sh. 393, 428; Ben. 166. Cf. PAN *bua'l 'uproot a tree'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 本

Modern (Beijing) reading: běn

Preclassic Old Chinese: pǝ̄rʔ

Classic Old Chinese: pǝ̄́n

Western Han Chinese: pǝ̄́n

Eastern Han Chinese: pǝ̄́n

Early Postclassic Chinese: pǝ̄́n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pǝ̄́n

Late Postclassic Chinese: pǝ̄́n

Middle Chinese: pón

English meaning : root

Russian meaning[s]: 1) корень; ствол; основа; основной, коренной, главный; в основном, в сущности; 2) исток, начало; первоначально, в истоке; 3) данный, настоящий; подлинный; текущий, этот; 4) мой, наш; 5) капитал, основной капитал; 6) корешок (переплета), том; счетный суффикс книг; 7) стар. докладная записка

Comments: Viet. also has a colloquial loan: vốn 'capital, funds, principal'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 5292

Karlgren code: 0440 a

Vietnamese reading: ba`n

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 180

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 本

MC description : 臻合一上混幫

ZIHUI: 2609 2027

Beijing: pǝn 2

Jinan: pẽ 2

Xi'an: pẽ 2

Taiyuan: pǝŋ 2

Hankou: pǝn 2

Chengdu: pǝn 2

Yangzhou: pǝn 2

Suzhou: pǝn 2

Wenzhou: paŋ 21

Changsha: pǝn 2

Shuangfeng: pin 2

Nanchang: pǝn 2

Meixian: pun 2

Guangzhou: pun 21

Xiamen: pun 2

Chaozhou: puŋ 21

Fuzhou: puɔŋ 2

Shanghai: pǝŋ 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: pan 2

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔɨpVl

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: asp tree

Ket: ɨ:ĺ / ɨ̄ĺ, pl. ɨ:ĺn³

Yug: ɨfɨl^5,6, pl. -ɨŋ⁵

Kottish: īpal, pl. īpatn

Comments: ССЕ 196. Werner 2, 434 *ɨp^hǝl.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *phel-c, *phal-c

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: 1 a small tree with edible berries 2 a k. of tree

Yasin: phalc 2 ("große Pappelart")

Hunza: phelc 1, phalc 2

Nagar: phḗlc 1, phalc 2

Comments: Sh. phḗs ?; Sh. phálca `Pappelart'

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *es-pel

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 box (tree) 2 broom (implement)

Bizkaian: ezpel 1

Gipuzkoan: ezpel 1

High Navarrese: ezpel 1

Low Navarrese: ezpel 1

Salazarese: ezpel 2

Lapurdian: ezpel 1

Zuberoan: ezpel 1

Roncalese: ezpel 2

Comments: Cf. PNC *pħīlV 'a kind of foliage [deciduous] tree' (asp, poplar). The first element *es- seems to be a reduced form of Bsq *haice 'tree' (q.v.), cf. also *es-kur̄ 'acorn, beechnut'. Brooms were sometimes made from box twigs. Azkue cites the Pyrenean words ezpelezko ezpela ‘broom made from box’, otakezpela ‘broom made from gorse’, txiniztezpel ‘broom made from juniper’, etc.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVLV

Meaning : leaf tree

Eurasiatic : *ṗVlV

Afroasiatic : ? Akk. bulaʔu 'firewood', Irq paʔal-mo 'board' (ND 1724)

Sino-Caucasian : *pħɨ̄́ɫV̄

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṗVlV

Meaning: leaf tree

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *p(t)el-

Altaic: *p`i̯ule

References: МССНЯ 369; ND 1724 *P_uĺ/ḷ(V)ʔV 'tree (poplar or sim.)' (+ dub. Sem. and Drav.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *pelew- (Gr pt-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: a k. of leaf-bearing tree

Other Iranian: Osset farwe, fǝrer `Erle'

Old Greek: pteléǟ, epid. peléā f. `Ulme, Rüster'

Germanic: *filw-ō f.

Russ. meaning: дерево (лиственное)

References: WP II 84 f

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *filwō

Meaning: willow

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old High German: fël(a)wa `Weide'

Middle High German: vëlwe wk./st. f., wk. m., vëlwer, vëlber st. m. 'weidenbaum; geflecht aus weiden zum fischgang'

German: { Felbel }

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *p`i̯ula

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: ash tree

Russian meaning: ясень

Mongolian: *hulija-sun

Tungus-Manchu: *pula

Japanese: *pari

Comments: EAS 55, KW 448, Цинциус 1984, 54, Rozycki 81. Despite Doerfer MT 23, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong. In Turkic cf. Bashk. jɨla `ash-tree' - although attested only in Bashkir, a perfect semantic and phonetic match for this root.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *hulija-sun

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: ash tree, poplar, aspen

Russian meaning: ясень, тополь, осина

Written Mongolian: ulijasu(n) (L 873)

Khalkha: ulijas(an)

Buriat: uĺāha(n)

Kalmuck: ulāsṇ

Ordos: ulāsu

Dongxian: xulasun

Dagur: olēs ( < lit.), xolordan mōd

Comments: KW 448, MGCD 673.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *pula

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: ash tree, asp tree, poplar

Russian meaning: ясень, осина, тополь

Evenki: hula

Even: hụl

Negidal: xol

Literary Manchu: fulχa

Jurchen: fulto 'каштан' (121)

Ulcha: pụlị

Orok: pụlụ

Nanai: polo

Oroch: xulu

Udighe: xulu

Solon: ụlụ

Comments: ТМС 2, 342-343. Evk. hula, hologdan > Dag. xolordan (Тод. Даг. 177).

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *pari

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: black alder

Russian meaning: японская ольха

Old Japanese: pari

Tokyo: han-no-ki

Comments: JLTT 399.

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