North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *G_wǝ̆lʡi

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hole, burrow

Proto-Nakh: *q̇or-Vḳ ( ~ -ō-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q̇:ʷirV

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔɔqru

Proto-Lezghian: *q:ul

Proto-West Caucasian: *ʁʷa

Notes: Correspondences are regular, and the etymology seems quite reliable. See Абдоков 1983, 186. The Kartvelian data compared with PWC by Lomtatidze 1955 (Georg. mʁʷime 'cavern', ʁru 'hollow', Old Georg. qureli 'hole') are heterogeneous and probably do not belong here. On the other hand, cf. PK *ʁele- 'ravine' which may be borrowed from *G_wǝ̆lʡi.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *q̇or-Vḳ ( ~ -ō-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: burrow

Ingush: q̇org

Comments: Attested only in Ing. (with a frequent diminutive *-Vḳ), but having probable external parallels. Nakh > Osset. qorɣ / ɣorɣä 'pit' (Abayev 1973, 311).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *q̇:ʷirV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 wolf-hole 2 burrow 3 dug-out 4 hut 5 trap

Avar: q̇:or 1

Chadakolob: q̇:or 5

Akhvakh: q̇:oro 2

Chamalal: q̇:uru 4 (Gig.)

Tindi: q̇:ara-ƛ:i 3

Comments: Av. paradigm A (gen. q̇:óri-l; but Chad. C: q̇oró-l, q̇:óra-l); the word has also a meaning 'underground passage'. Tindi reflects a locative form (in -ƛ:i) with irregular vocalism (q̇:ura-ƛ:i or q̇:ora-ƛ:i would be expected).

    Av. q̇:or > Gin., Bezht., Gunz. q̇or 'trap'.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔɔqru

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 cave, cavern 2 trap, pitfall

Tsezi: boc̣-aqu 2

Ginukh: oqru 1

Khvarshi: oqru 1 (Radzhibov)

Comments: PTsKh *ʔɔqru (with metathesis < *qɔru, or < *ʔɔ-qVru with a laryngeal prefixation). The Tsez. word is a compound with boc̣i 'wolf', lit. 'wolf-hole' (cf. the meaning of Av. q̇:or).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *q:ul

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hole 2 hearth 3 wall-niche,nest 4window 5village

Lezghian: q:ul 2

Tabasaran: ʁul 5

Agul: ʁul 3

Rutul: ʁul 1,4

Tsakhur: ʁuĺ 4

Udi: ʁIul 4

Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. q:ul 'village', Ag. Bursh. ʕul id., Tsakh. Tsakh. q:uĺ, Gelm. ʁuĺ 'window'. Obl. base *q:ule- (cf. Lezg. q:ula-, Tab. ʁula-, Ag. ʁule-, Rut. ʁuli-, Tsakh. ʁule-). 3d class in Rut., but 4th class in Tsakh. The original meaning is obviously 'hole, opening' (subsequently > 'dwelling hole, nest, settlement').

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ʁʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hole, burrow

Abkhaz: á-ʕʷa-ra

Abaza: ʕʷa-ra

Adyghe: ʁʷǝ

Kabardian: ʁʷa

Ubykh: ʁʷa

Comments: PAT *ʕʷa-ra (a building with a productive suffix -ra; without it cf. Abkh. a-gʷa-ʕʷa 'hollow (of a tree)'); PAK *ʁʷV.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xGwɨ̆́lʡi

Meaning: hole, pit

North Caucasian: *G_wǝ̆lʡi

Sino-Tibetan: *ghuar(H)

Yenisseian: *kɨʔl (~g-,-r)

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ghuar(H)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hole

Chinese: 窾 *khʷārʔ hole, opening, 科 *khʷār (*khʷāj ?) hollow of a tree trunk; hollow, cavity.

Kachin: nkhun¹ a hole, opening.

Lushai: khur, khuar a hole, a pit, a cavity, KC *khūr.

Comments: BG: Garo a-khol, Dimasa ha-khor, Bodo ha-khor; Banpara ha-kon; Rawang duŋ-khr. Sh. 427, 442; Ben. 74; Bod. 137. STEDT 269-273 *kwar ~ *kor.

Chinese characters :

Character: 窾

Modern (Beijing) reading: kuǎn

Preclassic Old Chinese: khʷārʔ

Classic Old Chinese: khwā́n

Western Han Chinese: khwā́n

Eastern Han Chinese: khwā́n

Early Postclassic Chinese: khwā́n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khwā́n

Late Postclassic Chinese: khwā́n

Middle Chinese: khwấn

English meaning : hole, opening [LZ]

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0162 b

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *kɨʔl (~g-,-r)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a pit (with a gathering of fish)

Ket: kɨʔĺ, pl. kʌ:ĺi⁴ / kʌĺeń⁵ (South. kʌĺ⁴)

Yug: kɨʔl, pl. kɨ:ĺ / kɨ:^hĺ

Comments: ССЕ 239. Samoyed parallels (Selk. qɨl, kɨl) see Helimski КС 242. Werner 1, 481 *kɨʔl.

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