North Caucasian etymology : List with all references

Proto-North Caucasian: *Hƛ̣ŏnŭ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bottom

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *himƛ̣u

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔõƛ̣u B

Proto-Lak: č̣an

Proto-Lezghian: *ƛ̣an

Proto-Khinalug: ḳan-ɨḳ

Proto-West Caucasian: *ƛ̣V

Notes: A widely spread common NC root (there also may have existed a variant *Hnŏƛ̣ŭ which can be reflected in some subgroups). The EC-WC comparison see in Abdokov 1983, 97.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *himƛ̣u

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bottom

Avar: ṭínu

Chadakolob: ṭínu

Andian language: hilmu

Akhvakh: miƛ̣i-do

Chamalal: hilʷ

Tindi: hinlu

Karata: himʔu (Tok.)

Bagvalal: hilʷ

Godoberi: hinlu

Comments: Av. paradigm C (ṭiná-lzul, ṭína-bi; but Chad. A: gen. ṭínu-l). Cf. also Av. Gid. (Gudava) ƛ̣ino, And. (Gudava) hinƛ̣u, Akhv. Ratl. miƛ̣o, Tseg., Tlan. miṭu (the North. form miƛ̣ido is originally locative), Cham. Gig. hinnu, God. Zib. hilmu. Akhv. miƛ̣o is an obvious metathesis < *ʔimƛ̣o; in Av. one would rather expect *ʔinṭu (or *niṭu); the form ṭinu is a result of metathesis (or an exceptional preservation of the archaic consonant order).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔõƛ̣u B

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bottom

Tsezi: ʕeƛ̣u / ʕiƛ̣u

Ginukh: iƛ̣u

Khvarshi: ĩƛ̣u

Inkhokvari: ẽƛ̣u

Bezhta: õƛ̣o

Gunzib: ǝ̃ƛ̣u

Comments: PTsKh *ʔö̃ƛ̣u; PGB *ʔǝ̃ƛ̣u. The reflex *ǝ̃ in PGB is irregular (*õ would be expected).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: č̣an

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bottom; sole; horseshoe

Lak form: č̣an

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ƛ̣an

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bottom

Lezghian: ḳan

Tabasaran: ḳan

Agul: ḳen

Rutul: q̇an

Tsakhur: ḳan

Kryz: q̇än

Budukh: q̇an

Archi: ḳan

Comment: Cf. also Tsakh. Gelm. q̇an. Obl. base *ƛ̣anɨ- (cf. Lezg. ḳani-, Tab. ḳana-, Ag. ḳeni-, Rut. q̇aná-, Tsakh. ḳanɨ-). 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.

See Лексика 1971, 184; Талибов 1960a, 300; Гигинейшвили 1977, 103.

Khinalug etymology :

Khinalug root: ḳan-ɨḳ

North Caucasian etymology: 1397

Meaning: under

Khinalug form: ḳan-ɨḳ

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ƛ̣V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bottom, lower part 2 under (preverb)

Abkhaz: á-c̣a 1

Abaza: c̣-ʕʷa 1

Adyghe: č̣́a- 2

Kabardian: ṣ́a- 2

Ubykh: -ć̣a 1

Comments: PAT *c̣V (cf. also Bzyb. á-c̣ 'bottom); PAK *č̣́a-; in Ub. the morpheme is used in compounds: ba-ć̣á 'lower part', ša-ć̣á 'pillow' (ša 'head').

The correspondence PAK *č̣́ : PAT *c̣ : Ub. ć̣ points to the PWC lateral *ƛ̣. In PAK, however, there exists also a separate root *č̣a 'bottom' (Ad. č̣a, Kab. ṣ́a) - which can reflect a variant with labialisation *ƛ̣ʷV (perhaps reflecting an early PWC metathesised variant *Hnŏƛ̣ŭ).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Hƛ̣ŏŋú̆

Meaning: bottom

North Caucasian: *Hƛ̣ŏnŭ (/*Hnŏƛ̣ŭ)

Sino-Tibetan: *ƛăŋ

Comments and references : LV A30, WFR... (differently in HGC 39).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ƛăŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: floor, arena

Chinese: 場 *Łaŋ meadow, field, arena.

Burmese: tǝlaŋ floor (Luce).

Comments: Luce 76. Cf. Austric: Yao liaŋ.4 mountain fields which are not yet under cultivation, Katu *la:ŋ 'class. for pieces of land' ( < Chin.?).

Chinese characters :

Character: 場

Modern (Beijing) reading: cháng

Preclassic Old Chinese: Łaŋ

Classic Old Chinese: Łaŋ

Western Han Chinese: laŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: źaŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: źaŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: źaŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: źaŋ

Middle Chinese: ḍaŋ

English meaning : unploughed fields in mountains,i.e. a meadow

Russian meaning[s]: 1) площадь; арена, сцена; 2) место; помещение; 3) цех; 4) театральное представление, сеанс, спектакль; 5) счетный суффикс для явлений природы, процессов и т. д.

Comments: The word also means 'vegetable garden, threshing arena, fenced-in area' (probably etymologically the same word). In MC we have here a very rare case of preserving ḍ- < *Ł- (normally *jaŋ would be expected); for unaspirated *Ł- cf. Xiamen tiũ², Chaozhou tĩẽ², Fuzhou tioŋ², Jianou tiɔŋ⁹.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 32

Four-angle index: 4381

Karlgren code: 0720 x

Vietnamese reading: tru'ò'ng

bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1358

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 場

MC description : 宕開三平陽澄

ZIHUI: 1034 2282

Beijing: c̣haŋ 2; c̣haŋ 12

Jinan: c̣haŋ 2

Xi'an: c̣haŋ 12

Taiyuan: cha_̃ 2

Hankou: chaŋ 2

Chengdu: chaŋ 12

Yangzhou: châŋ 12; châŋ 2

Suzhou: zaŋ 12

Wenzhou: ʒ́i 12

Changsha: c̣an 12

Shuangfeng: daŋ 12

Nanchang: chɔŋ 12

Meixian: chɔŋ 12

Guangzhou: čhö_ŋ 12

Xiamen: tiɔŋ 12 (lit.); tiũ 12

Chaozhou: tiẽ 12

Fuzhou: tuɔŋ 12

Shanghai: zã 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: čiaŋ 12

doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,