North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ħwǟls_ǝ̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a coniferous tree; wood, stick

Proto-Nakh: *ħāstV-m

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *HVs:V

Proto-Tsezian: *hɔ̃s: ( ~ -s)

Proto-Lak: his

Proto-Lezghian: *ʡʷe(l)s: ( ~ ʔIʷ-)

Proto-West Caucasian: *pǝsV

Notes: The WC form has a frequent labial prefix *p-. Both phonetically and semantically the comparison seems quite plausible. [There are some problems with the initial laryngeal: in Lak. we should expect ʔI-, and in Av. - paradigm A, not B. We must note, however, that Av. Chad. /the literary accentuation is not attested/ frequently has a secondary B paradigm instead of A.]

    Medial *-l-, although not preserved in any language, must be reconstructed to account for the PTs nasalisation and the PN development *-ls- > -st-.

    See also comments to *ʔɨ̄rcV̆ 'wood, stick'.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ħāstV-m

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nail, peg

Chechen: ħostam

Ingush: ħastam

Comments: Cf. also Chech. Lev. ħōastam, Cheb. ħāstom, Ing. (Imnaishvili) ħāstam. 6th class in both languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *HVs:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 wooden bar, axle, crow-bar 2 staff

Avar: ħos: 1

Chadakolob: ħus 2

Comments: Av. Chad. paradigm B (ħosó-l, ħasá-l).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *hɔ̃s: ( ~ -s)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pole

Inkhokvari: hõs

Comments: Attested only in Inkh., but having probable external parallels.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: his

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a prick (by some sharp object)

Lak form: his

Comments: The original meaning was obviously 'sharp object, thorn, prick'; cf. also the derivate Khosr. his:ilu 'fork' (pointing to *s:, neutralised in his in the final position), and the Archi loanword his 'fork'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʡʷe(l)s: ( ~ ʔIʷ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 wood, timber 2 firewood

Rutul: us 2

Tsakhur: os 1

Udi: ušI 2

Comment: Obl. base *ʡʷes:a- or *ʡʷes:e-, cf. Rut. úsu-, Tsakh. osa-, Gelm. oIs, oIs:a-. 4th class in Rut. and Tsakh. The root is preserved only in languages where there occurred a simplification of *-lC-clusters, thus the presence of *-l- in PL is postulated only on external evidence.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *pǝsV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fir-tree

Abkhaz: á-psa

Adyghe: psajǝ

Kabardian: psej

Ubykh: psǝ-ʁʷǝnǝ́

Comments: PAT *pǝsa (cf. also Bzyb. á-psa / a-psá, perhaps [with rather strange semantics] Abaz. psa-qʷa 'willow'); PAK *psa-jǝ́ (with a usual "tree"-suffix -jǝ). In Ub. cf. also psǝ-s "fir-wood". See Shagirov 2, 15 with literature.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ħw[ǟ́]lsǝ̆

Meaning: stick, fork

North Caucasian: *ħwǟls_ǝ̆

Yenisseian: *ʔiʔs (~x-)

Burushaski: (cf. hariṣ 'wooden shovel' - see *ʔVrstV́)

Basque: *hols

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔiʔs (~x-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: peg

Ket: iʔś, pl. ɛśǝŋ⁵

Yug: iʔs, pl. ɛsɨŋ⁵

Kottish: iš-t^hip (t^hip iron)

Comments: ССЕ 192. Werner 1, 390.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *hols (*holc)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 plank 2 wall (made of planks) 3 cupboard, sideboard, dresser

Bizkaian: oltzar 1

Gipuzkoan: (arc) olz 2

High Navarrese: (arc) olz 2

Low Navarrese: oltz 2

Salazarese: oltza 2

Lapurdian: holtz 3

Zuberoan: holtz 2

Comments: Azkue cites oltza 'stack of planks' as common Bsq. As noted by Michelena (1961, chapter 14) the phonemic contrast between Proto-Bsq *ls and *lc is neutralized, but differently in different dialects. German Holz is a chance resemblance.

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