North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *h[ä]nV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: now

Proto-Nakh: *hin-ca / *hin-ʒa

Proto-Tsezian: *hin-čV

Proto-Dargwa: *han-

Proto-Lezghian: *hin-

Proto-West Caucasian: *nǝ-

Notes: A common NC temporal adverb. We must note that in most subgroups the root can be followed by some kind of affricate (although the affricates do not correspond to each other regularly).

    The root is also attested in HU: Hurr. χennǝ, Ur. χenǝ 'now' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 32).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *hin-ca / *hin-ʒa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: now

Chechen: hinca

Ingush: hanz

Batsbi: inc

Comments: Cf. also Lev., Shar., Khild. hinca id.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *hin-čV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: today

Gunzib: hinčo-d

Comments: Attested only in Gunz., but having probable external parallels.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *han-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: now

Akusha: hanna

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *hin-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: now

Agul: hin-c

Comment: Cf. perhaps also Ud. hajsa ( < *hani-sa), Tab. hamus (restructured on analogy with hamu 'this') 'now'.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *nǝ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: today

Adyghe: ne-pa

Kabardian: no-ba

Comments: PAK *nǝ-jap:a / *nǝ-wap:a. The element *nǝ- is present in several compounds: Kab. nǝ-ǯǝ 'now', na-ʁā-ba 'last year'; Ad. nǝ-č́apa, Kab. nǝ-žaba 'tonight, this night', Kab. nǝ-šadiba 'this morning', Ad. nǝ-pč́ħāpa, Kab. nǝ-śħaba 'this evening', Ad. ne-wǝš́ 'tomorrow' (see Shagirov 1, 276, 283, 288-289). The original meaning is 'now', 'this (time)', as seen both from the compounds and from the external evidence.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *hV̆nV́

Meaning: now

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *h[ä]nV

Sino-Tibetan: *n[ǝ] (cf. also *nāŋH / *nāk "next day, time after now", *nŭ 'young, soft')

Yenisseian: *ʔen

Basque: *hona

Comments and references : HGC 35.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *n[ǝ]

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: time or place of, when

Chinese: 而 *nǝ particle by verbalizing, as, and yet, and. (?)

Tibetan: na year (?); stage of life, age; when.

Kachin: (H) na, čǝna to extend in time; cf. also na loc. or abl. suffix.

Lushai: niaʔ at the time of; when; -na the place of or where, instrument of or for etc.

Chinese characters :

Character: 而

Modern (Beijing) reading: ér

Preclassic Old Chinese: nǝ

Classic Old Chinese: nǝ

Western Han Chinese: nǝ

Eastern Han Chinese: ńǝ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ńɨ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńɨ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ńɨ

Middle Chinese: ńɨ

English meaning : particle by verbalizing, as, and yet, and

Russian meaning[s]: 1) а; да; и; но (союз, связывающий сказуемые или целые предложения); 2) служебное слово в вэньяне, ставится перед сказуемым а) чтобы показать, что субъект сказуемого не тот же, что в предыдущем словосочетании (рекомендуется перевод при помощи местоимения второго лица); б) чтобы отделить основное сказуемое предложения от предыдущего обстоятельственного построения часто служебного типа; в отрицательных предложениях отрицание предшествует обстоятельственной конструкции и при переводе подлежит переносу к сказуемому; 3) в обстоятельствах места и времени заменяет 以; 4) оформляет наречия, вм. 然; 5) на конце предложения вм. 而以; 6) древн. твой, ты; 7) если, вм. 如

Comments: For *n- cf. Min forms: Xiamen ʒi², Chaozhou zɨ², Fuzhou i². The original meaning of the character is 'moustache, whiskers' (attested since Late Zhou); in some early texts (Shujing) also used for the second person pronoun *nhǝ 'thou' (see 爾, 乃).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 126

Four-angle index: 3668

Shijing occurrences: 23.3, 26.5, 41.1, 41.2, 41.3, 42.1, 47.2, 52.1, 52.2, 52.3, 54.2, 58.4

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 294

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 而

MC description : 止開三平之日

ZIHUI: 5079 0525

Beijing: ǝ̂ 12

Jinan: ǝ̂ 3

Xi'an: ǝ̂ 11

Taiyuan: ǝ̂ 1

Hankou: ɨ 12

Chengdu: ǝ̂ 12

Yangzhou: â 12

Suzhou: l 12

Wenzhou: zi_ 12

Changsha: ô 12

Shuangfeng: ie 12

Nanchang: з̂ 31

Meixian: i 12

Guangzhou: ji 12

Xiamen: ʒi 12

Chaozhou: zi_ 12

Fuzhou: i 12

Shanghai: ɦǝ̂ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: ži_ 12

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔen

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: now

Ket: ēn

Yug: en

Kottish: eaŋa

Arin: iŋni (М., Сл., Кл.) "today"

Pumpokol: eń (Срсл.) "now" (the form can also be Yug)

Comments: ССЕ 187. Kott. eaŋa < *ʔen-ŋa. The Ablaut form *ʔan- is contained in compounds: Yug. an-es^5,6 'morning' ('now' + 'God, sky'), an-bɔksɨ⁵ 'tomorrow' = Ket. anɔkś ^5,6 (for th second component see *pVk-). Werner 1, 35, 36, 272 *en.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *hona

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 here, hither 2 now 3 here (it is), voicì, behold!

Bizkaian: ona 1, 2, 3

Gipuzkoan: ona 3

High Navarrese: unat 1

Low Navarrese: huna 1, 3, hunat 1

Lapurdian: huna 1, 3, hunat 1

Zuberoan: huna 1, 3

Comments: These words are obviously derived from the demonstrative *ho- (q.v.), with the similar extension in *-n- common to Bsq and NC.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : NVWV

Meaning : now; new

Eurasiatic : *nVwV

Afroasiatic : *ʔVnVw- 'be new; child' (Berb., Omot.)

Sino-Caucasian : *hV̆nV́

Austric : *ne 'now' (R 519) [+ K]

Notes : Cf. *NVHV.

Reference : ND 1573.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *nVwV

Meaning: now; new

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *nū; + *neu̯o- 'new' 809

Altaic: *nébì

Uralic: *nikV (*nükV)

Eskimo-Aleut: *nu-ta-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *ni-ŋ- ~ *ŋin- 'now; new' ?

References: ОСНЯ 2, 97; ND 1537 *n̄ü.(E) ~ *n̄üw(E) 'now', 1573 *n̄Ew(y)V 'new', 1541 *n̄ükV 'now'.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *nū

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: now

Hittite: nu 'nun; und' (Friedrich 152)

Tokharian: A nuṃ, nunak, B nano, nänok (PT *nuno, -kä) 'again, even' (Adams 330); A nu, B no (PT *nū) 'however, but' (Adams 347)

Old Indian: nū, nu `now'; nū́tana- `new, recent', nūnám `now, at present'

Avestan: nū 'nun'; nūrǝm, nūrąm 'jetzt, nun'

Other Iranian: OPers nūra 'jetzt, nun'

Old Greek: part. nü, nün encl., adv. `nun', adv. nǖ̂n `jetzt'

Slavic: *nъ, *nū, *nɨ̄́nē

Baltic: *nū, *nu

Germanic: *nu, *nū; *nu-x

Latin: num `nun noch, nun jetz'; nunc `jetzt, nun'

Russ. meaning: сейчас, ныне

References: WP II 340

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *nū, *nu

Meaning: now

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: nù, nū̃ `nun, jetzt, heute', nūnái, nūnaĩ `id.'

Lettish: nu, nù² `nun'

Old Prussian: tei-nu `nun', esteinu `von nun an'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *nu, *nū; *nu-x

Meaning: now

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: nu `now'; nɔh `still, yet, for a while'

Old Norse: nū `nun jetzt'

Norwegian: no

Danish: nu

Old English: nū `now, at this time', conj. `now, since, when'

English: now

Old Frisian: nu; noch

Old Saxon: nu; noh

Middle Dutch: nū; noch

Dutch: nu; nog

Old Franconian: nu

Old High German: nu, nū; noh

Middle High German: nu, nū; nun, nūn

German: nu, nun; noch

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1394

Root: nū̆-

English meaning: now

German meaning: `nun' und ähnliche Formen

Derivatives: nū-no- `jetzig'

Material: Ai. nú, nū́, av. nū `nun', ai. nū́tana- `jetzig, jung, neu', nūnám `jetzt, nun' (wie lit. nūnaĩ, aksl. nyně wohl adv. erstarrter Kasus eines Adj. *nū-no- `jetzig'), av. nūrǝm, nūrąm, ap. nūram ds. (nach āparǝm `künftig' gebildet?); gr. νυ̃, νῠ̄ν, νυ̃ν `jetzt' (letztere wohl aus *nū̆-m =) lat. num `nun noch, noch jetzt', dann Stütze für Fragen, etiamnum `noch immer', nunc `jetzt, nun' (*num-ce) = hitt. ki-nun ds., nū-per `neulich, vor kurzem; vor Zeiten', woneben nu- noch in nu-diūs tertius `*nun ist der dritte Tag' (über air. nu-, no-, mcymr. neu Verbal-Partikel, s. unter ne `nicht'); got. nu (nū?), aisl. ahd. ags. nū̆ `jetzt, nun', mhd. nhd. nū̆, erst seit spätmhd. Zeit auch nū̆n; lit. nù, lett. nu `nun', apr. in tei-nu `nunmehr', lit. nūnaĩ `nun' (s. oben); abg. nъ `aber', nyně `nun' (s. oben); toch. А nu В no enkl. `aber, denn'; hitt. nu (satzeinleitende Partikel); ki-nun `jetzt', nū-wa `noch', nu-kwit `numquid'; got. naúh `noch', afries. noch, as. ahd. noh Adverb `noch, auch jetzt' aus *nu-kʷe; über die Konjunktion `(weder - ) noch' s. oben S. 757 unter ne1.

    Idg. nū̆ ist wohl Tiefstufe zu neu̯o- `neu', vgl. ai. nūtane- `jetzig' und `neu', gr. νέον τι `eben, neulich', ahd. niwes (adv. Gen.), lit. naujaĩ `frisch, neulich'.

References: WP. II 340, WH. II 186 ff., Trautmann 201.

Pages: 770

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *nébì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: new

Russian meaning: новый

Turkic: *jub-ga

Mongolian: *niɣu-n

Tungus-Manchu: *nebi

Korean: *nǝ̄-

Japanese: *nípí-

Comments: SKE 172, АПиПЯЯ 110, 279. Turkic has a vowel metathesis: *jub-ga < *jab-gu.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *jub-ga

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: bastard, adopted son

Russian meaning: внебрачный, приемный сын

Karakhanid: juvɣa (MK, KB)

Comments: EDT 874, VEWT 209 (erroneously united with juvqa 'soft, weak').

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *niɣu-n

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: child, boy

Russian meaning: ребенок, мальчик

Written Mongolian: niɣun, nuɣun (L 580)

Middle Mongolian: no'un (HY 29), nu'u(n) (SH)

Khalkha: nugan, nugūn ( < WMong.)

Dagur: nōn (Тод. Даг. 158), non (MD 200)

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *nebi

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 new, fresh 2 younger (brother, sister) 3 wife's brother's wife

Russian meaning: 1 новый, свежий 2 младший (брат, сестра) 3 невестка (жена брата жены)

Even: neji 1, nȫ 2

Literary Manchu: neje 3, neče 3

Ulcha: neu 2

Orok: new, neu 2

Nanai: neil 2 (plur.)

Comments: ТМС 1, 616, 617-618, 626. Cf. also *nē 'now' (ТМС 1, 614).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *nǝ̄-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: younger relative (in compounds)

Russian meaning: младший родственник (в сложениях)

Modern Korean: nǝ̄- [nǝ̄-s-] 'younger brother' (in compounds)

Middle Korean: nǝ-s-harmi 'wife of grandfather's younger brother'

Comments: Nam 105, KED 336.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *nípí-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: new

Russian meaning: новый

Old Japanese: nipji-

Middle Japanese: nífí-

Tokyo: nìi-

Kyoto: níí-

Kagoshima: ní-ke

Nase: mī́-

Shuri: mī́-

Hateruma: nɨ̄̀-

Comments: JLTT 497.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1444

Proto: *nikV (*nükV)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: present; now, already

German meaning: gegenwärtig; jetz, schon

Finnish: nyky- 'gegenwärtig', tätä nykyä 'gegenwärtig, vorläufig', dial. nyt, ny, nyy 'jetzt, nun'

Estonian: nüüd, dial. nüü 'jetzt'

Mordovian: ńej (E), ńi (M) 'jetzt, nun; schon'

Udmurt (Votyak): ni (S J), ńi (G) 'schon; mehr, nunmehr, weiter'

Komi (Zyrian): ńin, nin (S), ni̮n (Peč.), ńi (P) 'schon, bereits, (nicht) mehr'

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *nu-ta-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: new, young

Russian meaning: новый, молодой

Proto-Yupik: *nuta-

Proto-Inupik: *nuta-

Comments: Cf. *nuka- 'younger sibling'.

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 242

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *nuta-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: new 1, just now, right now 2

Russian Meaning: новый 1, теперь, вот сейчас 2

Sirenik: nutǝ́ʁǝcǝ́χ, nutaʁraχ [Vakh.] 1

Chaplino: nutáʁaq (t) 1, nutān 2

Naukan: nutáʁinʁaq 1, nután 2

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: nuta[ʁ]aq 1, nutān 2

Chugach (Birket-Smith): nutāq 1, nuttan 2

Central Alaskan Yupik: nutaʁaq 1, nutān 2

Nunivak (Peripheral): nutaʁaq* 1

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 242

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *nuta-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: new 1, young person 2

Russian meaning: новый 1, молодой 2

Seward Peninsula Inupik: nutāq 1, nutaʁaq 2

SPI Dialects: Imaq nutáq* 1, W nutāq* (āk, āt) 1

North Alaskan Inupik: nutāq 1, nutaʁaq 2

NAI Dialects: B, Ingl nutāq* 1

Western Canadian Inupik: nutāq 1, nutaʁaq 'infant'

WCI Dialects: Cor, M nutāq* 1

Eastern Canadian Inupik: nutāq 1

ECI Dialects: Lab nutagak* 'infant', NBI, SB, Iti nutaʁaq 'infant'

Greenlandic Inupik: nutāq (nutâq*) 1, nutaʁaq 2

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 242, 243

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *ŋin-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): новорожденный, молодой

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ŋin-

Proto-Itelmen: *ŋin-: *'ini-ŋin-

Comments: См. ПК *ne'n- 'новый, теперь, сразу' (1392).

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ŋin-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): молодой, младший 1, мальчик, ребенок 2, молодой, небольшой 1, дешевый, малый (о цене) 3, новорожденный теленок 4, полого уходящий вверх 5

Chukchee: ŋín-, ŋín-cʔɛ-n 1, ŋín-qɛj 2, ŋenca-cákǝɣet 'младшая сестра', ~ ŋen-etǝ va-lʔǝ-n 5

Koryak: ŋin-, niŋ- 1, niŋ-vil- 3

Palan: ŋin-qaj-ujuĺhu pl. 4

Alutor: ŋiń-viĺ- 3

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *ŋin-: *'ini-ŋin-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): новорожденный, подросток, побег

West Itelmen: 'inɨ-nɨn-zin 3, 'inǝ-gin-ksu-zin 4

West Itelmen meaning: nunc, statim 1, novus 2, nascens 3, planta 4

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): teraz, zaraz 1, nowy 2, rodzący się, rosnący 3, latorośl 4

Comments: Использование Дыбовским буквы "ы" = [ɨ] рядом с "н" = [n] и альтернация с "г" = [g, ɣ] указывают на велярный характер носового.

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