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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *Hamq̇_wĂ / *q̇Hwamq̇_wĂ
Meaning: hard
Proto-West Caucasian: *q:ʷa Notes: The root is probably also reflected in Nakh (cf. Chech. =eq̇a 'hard, rigid'), but here it has completely merged (for phonetic reasons) with PNC *=ĭG_wĂr 'dry, to dry' (q.v.). As with many adjectival stems, the root is frequently reduplicated. EC and WC languages reflect both the simple and the reduplicated stem. In some subgroups (particularly, in Lezghian) the root was subject to complicated expressive transformations, but still the semantic and phonetic unity of the listed forms is beyond doubt.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *q̇:ʷanḳa- ( ~ o)
Meaning: 1 hard 2 to harden
Avar: q̇:ʷaḳ- 2
Akhvakh: q̇:ʷãḳe-da- 1
Chamalal: q̇:ʷaḳi-dda 1
Tindi: ḳaḳa-ṭu- 1
Karata: q̇:ʷanḳo- 1
Comments: In Tindi there occurred an assimilation (ḳaḳa- < *q̇:ʷaḳa-). Cf. also Kar. q̇:ʷanḳ- 'to harden'. A remnant of a non-reduplicated form may be Akhv. q̇:a-re-da- 'hard' (used as a synonym of q̇:ʷãḳe-da-).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: q̇aInq̇a-
Meaning: hard, rigid
Lak form: q̇aInq̇a-
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *q̇aImq̇-
Meaning: hard
Chiragh: q̇Iamq̇I-ze
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-chr,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *Hamq̇ʷV
Meaning: hard, rigid
Tabasaran: waq̇Ii
Archi: ṭanq̇-du-
Comment: Tab. waq̇Ii < *ʔamq̇Ii; Archi has an expressive prefix ṭ- (sometimes used in adjectival and verbal roots). Besides *Hamq̇ʷV, Lezgian languages have a series of phonetically close forms with *-q̇:(ʷ)- and *-q:-: Tab. Düb. c-uq:i, Ag. q:uq:u-f (Burk. q:uq:u-f) 'hard', Lezg. weq:i 'rigid, rough', quq:ʷa-z 'to become rigid, to harden' (Khl. qʷq:ʷaj 'hard' = lit. quq:ʷaj 'hardened'), Rut. Mukh. (Ibragimov) ʁiʁ-dɨ 'hard, tough', Luch. q-u=ʁʷa- 'to harden, dry out' ( = Lezg. quq:ʷa-), ʁIɨʁI-dɨ 'hard'. It is rather hard to reconstruct a single protoform for all these forms: we probably deal both with expressive modifications of PL *Hamq̇ʷV and with assimilative developments of the reduplicated form *q̇Vmq:V (from the PEC variant *q̇Hwamq̇_(w)Ă).
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *q:ʷa / *q:ʷVq:ʷa
Meaning: hard
Abkhaz: á-ʁʷʁʷa
Ubykh: qʷa
Comments: Cf. also Ub. qʷa- (a-qʷá-n) 'to harden'. The Abkh. form is reduplicated ( < PAT *ɣʷǝɣʷa).
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Hamq̇_wĂ / *q̇Hwamq̇_wĂ
Meaning: hard
Comments and references : In ST cf. also synonymous *kāŋ and *qhăŋ. Cf. also Basq. gogor 'hard' (here rather than to *GwērV 'stone'?).
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-notes,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *g(h)ăŋH
Meaning: hard, solid
Kachin: (H) khaŋ be strong, durable.
Lushai: khaŋ congealed, solidified, set.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 彊
Modern (Beijing) reading: qiáng
Preclassic Old Chinese: ghaŋ
Classic Old Chinese: ghaŋ
Western Han Chinese: ghaŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: ghaŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: ghaŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ghaŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: ghaŋ
Middle Chinese: gaŋ
English meaning : be strong
Russian meaning[s]: 1) мощный, сильный; 2) избыточный; с излишком; [qiǎng] 1) через силу, насильно; 2) постараться, см. 強; [jiǎng] 1) граница, см. 疆; 2) упорный, упрямый
Comments: = 強 q.v. The character is also used in the reduplication *kaŋ-kaŋ 'fierce' (thus in Shi 49.1). During LZ also used for *ghaŋʔ, MC gáŋ 'to make an effort; compel' (a related form?).
Radical: 57
Four-angle index: 61
Karlgren code: 0710 e-g
Shijing occurrences: 49.1_, 49.2_
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,
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