North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=irq̇wĔ(r)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to split, break

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iq̇ʷ- / *q̇(ʷ)ar-

Proto-Dargwa: *=iq̇ʷ-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔi(r)q̇ʷar-

Proto-Khinalug: q̇ʷi

Proto-West Caucasian: *q̇́Iʷa

Notes: The Av.-And.-Darg. comparison is rather secure, but the WC parallel is uncertain (because of some semantic differences and several possibilities of reconstruction in PWC). There exists a similar root in PEC - *=irq̇_wVr 'to break, tear' (q.v.); the two stems may be connected by an archaic prosodic alternation.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=iq̇ʷ- / *q̇(ʷ)ar-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to break (trans.) 2 to break, split (intr.)

Andian language: Gar-d- 2

Akhvakh: =iq̇ʷ- 1

Karata: =iʔʷ- 1

Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. =uʔ-, Tlan., Ratl. =uq̇-, Kar. Tok. =uʕ-. Akhv. and Kar. reflect stem I, And. - stem II.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=iq̇ʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to split, break

Akusha: =iq̇ʷ-/=iq̇ʷ- (Ur.)

Comments: There is also another verb in Ur.: =irq̇ʷ- / =irq̇ʷ- 'to rip'; it seems most probable that =iq̇ʷ- and =irq̇ʷ- represent an originally single paradigm.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔi(r)q̇ʷar-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to tear 2 to break

Rutul: s-u=q̇ʷa- 1

Tsakhur: ha=q̇ʷar- 2

Comment: Used only with preverbs (cf. also Rut. lu=q̇ʷa-, guhu=q̇ʷa- 'to tear out', kuʁu=q̇ʷa- 'to tear off' etc.).

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *q̇́Iʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to stick into, pierce 2 to stick out

Abkhaz: á-l-ħʷa-ra 1

Abaza: ʕa-l-ħʷa-ra 2

Comments: PAT *ħʷa (used only with preverbs). PAT *ħʷ can have several PWC sources, thus the reconstruction of a glottalized affricate is only one of the possibilities.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *q̇wV̆rV́

Meaning: to break

North Caucasian: *=irq̇wĔ(r)

Burushaski: *qhar-

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *qhar-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: to break, split

Yasin: -xár-

Hunza: qhar-

Nagar: qhar-

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