North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=HiǯĂ[m]

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to twist, bend, wind

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *žVm- / *-Vž-

Proto-Tsezian: *čič-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔič:a(n)

Proto-West Caucasian: *ǯǝ ( ~ ʒ-)

Notes: The root obstruent and the vowels in all languages correspond well to each other, but the status of the final nasal is not quite clear (both Av.-And. and Lezgian languages reveal variation between -n and -0-conjugation). Initial laryngeal is suggested by the HU parallel: Hurr. χiz-lV- 'to roll up' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 43).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *žVm- / *-Vž-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to twist, wind 2 to wrap

Avar: žem- 1

Akhvakh: =ar-až- 1

Tindi: =er-už- 1

Karata: =egʷ-až- 2

Comments: The morphological structure of the stem in Andian languages (components =ar-, =er-, =egʷ-) is not quite clear. Still, the relationship of Av. žem- (stem II) and PA *-Vž- (stem I) is very probable. Kar. (Arch., Rach., Anch.) has also a stem žem- 'to wrap', which is most probably borrowed from Avar.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *čič-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to plait, wattle

Gunzib: čič-

Comments: Attested only in Gunz., but having probable external parallels.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔič:a(n)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to bend 2 to wind, reel 3 to wrap 4 wrapped

Tabasaran: =irǯ- 1

Agul: ʁad-iž- 3

Budukh: q:-e=ǯn- 1

Archi: ča- 2

Udi: b-ač:u-r 4

Comment: Cf. also Ag. Tp. ʕad-iǯan- 'to wrap'. Medial -r- in Tab. is secondary (cf. the changing -r-/-0- in Tab. Düb. =irǯ-, plur. d-iǯ-). Languages reveal a variation between -0 and -n-conjugations.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ǯǝ ( ~ ʒ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to plait, wattle

Kabardian: zaʡʷǝ-ʒǝ-n

Ubykh: ʒǝ-

Comments: Ub. a-z-ʒǝ́-n. The Kab. word is formally analysed as 'to throw (ʒǝ-) together', but in view of the Ubykh evidence it is rather a trace of an independent verbal root. The correspondence Ub. ʒ : PAK *ʒ can point both to PWC *ǯ and *ʒ.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HVǯV

Meaning: to bend, curve

North Caucasian: *=HiǯĂ[m]

Yenisseian: *ʔuʔǯ ( ~ x-)

Comments and references : -ʔ- in PY irregular; on the whole, a rather dubious comparison.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔuʔč ( ~ x-, -ǯ)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: curved

Ket: uʔt

Yug: uʔt́

Comments: ССЕ 199. Werner 2, 376.

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