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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=HĭGĀ
Meaning: to freeze, get cold, be benumbed
Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iʁ- Proto-West Caucasian: *q:ǝ Notes: PN and Khin. have preserved only nominal derivates of the root; in PL and Lak. it still functions as a verb. The vocalic reconstruction is not quite certain because of reduction in PN (in a suffixed derivate) and pharyngealization. The EC-WC comparison seems both phonetically and semantically reasonable. See Абдоков 1983, 175.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *ʁōr
Meaning: 1 cold (n.) 2 freeze
Chechen: ʁōr-ō 2
Batsbi: ʁor 1
Comments: 4th class in Bacb. Cf. also Bacb. ʁor-ĩ 'cold as ice', ʁor-dar 'freeze'. Historically this is a verbal root with a suffixed -r. A trace of the vocalized stem *-aʁ- is probably present in the compound Chech. ʕin-daʁ, Ing. ʕin-darʁa 'shadow'.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *=iʁ-
Meaning: to get cold, freeze
Andian language: =eʁ-eš-
Chamalal: =eʁ-aʎ-
Comments: Cf. also Cham. Gig. =eʁ-ič- (the root *-iʁ- is attested only within compound verbs).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-and,aandet-chm,aandet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: =aI=q:i-
Meaning: grow cold; catch cold
Lak form: =aI=q:i-
Comments: Pret. =aI=q:u-nu. Cf. also the derivates: daIrq:u (gen. daIq:i-l) 'cold; rheumatism', daIirq:u-s:a 'cold' (adj.).
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʡiqIä-
Meaning: 1 get cold 2 cold 3 to go out, be extinguished
Lezghian: el-üq-iz 3
Tabasaran: aqIu 2,-abqIub1
Agul: d-aqIa-s 1
Rutul: s-a-qIa-s 3
Tsakhur: ḳ́a-aqIa-s 3
Budukh: ʕatχa 2
Archi: χIe-t:ut 2
Comment: Cf. also Arch. a=χIa-s (dur. =arχIu-r) 'to be extinguished, go out'. A verbal stem, belonging to the strong verb class in PL. Most forms reflect the Ablaut grade *ä (*ʡäqIa-); the grade *-i- is preserved in Arch. χIe- ( < *ʔiqIä- 'cold'. Most Lezghian languages have derived from this root words for 'shadow': Lezg. qen (Khl. äqIän), Tab. Düb. d-aqIin (Kand. d-aqIun 'mountain shadow'), Ag. aqI (Bursh. d-aqI), Rut. aqI / aqIan, Tsakh. aqI, Arch. ejχIurt.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: q:i
North Caucasian etymology: 21
Meaning: cold
Khinalug form: q:i
Comments: Cf. also q:ä-wil id.
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,khinet-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *q:ǝ
Meaning: to be benumbed,dumbfounded (by cold,surprise etc.)
Adyghe: q:ǝ-n
Kabardian: q:ǝ-n
Ubykh: q(ǝ)-
Comments: PAK *q:ǝ- (see Kuipers 64); Ub. sǝ-qǝ́-n. In Shapsugh the verb also means 'to harden' (which may be a contamination with another WC root, *q:ʷa q.v.).
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=HĭGĀ́
Meaning: ice; to freeze
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Kja(j)H
Meaning: thick (of fluids), congealed
Tibetan: ãkhja(s)-pa to freeze, congeal; ska thick (of fluids)).
Burmese: kjaʔ strong (of tea).
Kachin: lǝgji3 be frozen, be stiff, numb, (H) ge, gje to thicken, as juice; be congealed.
Comments: Burm. khajh congealed, frozen may belong here, too (although it has merged with the reflex of *ghǝ̆l q.v.). [Two roots should be distinguished].
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 脂
Modern (Beijing) reading: zhī
Preclassic Old Chinese: kij
Classic Old Chinese: kij
Western Han Chinese: kjǝj
Eastern Han Chinese: kjǝj
Early Postclassic Chinese: kjij
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kjij
Late Postclassic Chinese: kji
Middle Chinese: ći
English meaning : fat, grease
Russian meaning[s]: 1) сало, жир; жирный; 2) помада; крем; румяна; 3) прекрасный
Comments: Attested already in Shijing, but absent in Schüssler's dictionary.
Radical: 130
Four-angle index: 1582
Karlgren code: 0552 g
Jianchuan Bai: ci4
Dali Bai: ci5
Bijiang Bai: čer4
Shijing occurrences: 39.3, 57.2_
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 1041
Character: 脂
MC description : 止開三平脂章
ZIHUI: 5176 0443
Beijing: c̣î_ 11
Jinan: c̣î_ 11
Xi'an: ci_ 11
Taiyuan: ci_ 2
Hankou: ci_ 2
Chengdu: ci_ 11
Yangzhou: ci_ 11
Suzhou: cü 11
Wenzhou: ci_ 11
Changsha: c̣î_ 11
Shuangfeng: c̣î_ 11
Nanchang: ci_ 2
Meixian: ci_ 11
Guangzhou: či 11
Xiamen: ci XH
Chaozhou: ci 11
Fuzhou: cie 11
Shanghai: ci_ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: či 1
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *qo (~χ-)
Meaning: ice
Ket: qō
Yug: xō
Comments: ССЕ 260. Werner 2, 126 <*qogǝ>. Kott. ušōx 'ice' is hardly comparable with the Ket form (see under *čǝG-), and Ket qɔgdɔ 'to break ice' hardly justifies a reconstruction *qogǝ: it is rather a compound of qo + k...dɔ 'to clear the way" (or perhaps a component = Yug k-duk 'to break').
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-notes,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVKV
Meaning : ice, cold
Afroasiatic : *'Vk(Vk) ?
Reference : Suggested by V. Glumov.
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *jVkV
Meaning: ice, cold
References: ND 2625 *yäka 'ice, cold' (+ Om.). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *eig'-
Meaning: ice-floe, icicle
Hittite: eka- n. 'Eis?', ekuna-, ikuna- 'kalt' (Tischler 103, 105)
Celtic: MIr aig, gen. ega f. `Eis'; Cymr iā m. `Eis', iaen `glacicula'; OCorn iey gl. `glaties', iein gl. `frigus'; MCorn yeyn, yen `kalt'; Bret ien `kalt'
Russ. meaning: льдина, сосулька
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: икра́
Near etymology: III. "льдина", диал. -- ряз., тамб., сарат. (РФВ 66, 205), также кры́га -- то же, севск. (Преобр.), укр. iкра, др.-чеш. kra, чеш., польск. krа -- то же.
Further etymology: Сомнительно сравнение с авест. аеχа- "лед, мороз", нов.-перс. уеχ "лед" (Бернекер 1, 424; Преобр. I, 268). Брюкнер (KZ 44, 33) возводит это слово вместе с икра́ I и II к общему к. со знач. "ком, опухоль"; ср. также Соболевский, ЖМНП, 1886, сент., стр. 147. Ср. кри́ца.
Pages: 2,126
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *eĩǯ-iā̃, *eĩǯ-ia- c., *iǯ-ā̂ f., *iǯ-a- c.
Meaning: icicle
Lithuanian: ižà, ìža-s `Eisscholle', pl. ìžōs `Grund-, Treibeis'
Lettish: ìeze2 `Eisspalte', ìezis `Sandfels, felsenartige Sandlagerung, besonders an Flussufern, Gestein'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *jikēn, *jikila-z, -ula-z
Meaning: icicle
Old Norse: jaki m. `Eiszapfen, -stück', jɔkull m. `Eis, Gletscher'
Norwegian: jökel; dial. jak(e); jökul, jukul
Old Swedish: ikil
Swedish: jökel
Old Danish: egle `Eiszapfen'
Old English: gicel, -es m. `icicle'
English: icicle (< īses gicel)
Middle Low German: OLG ichilla `stiria'
Low German: īs-jack, īs-hekel, jäkel `Eiszapfen'
Old High German: ichil `stiria'
German: schweiz. jäch `Reif, gedrorener Tau auf Bäumen', gicht (= gejicht)
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-oswed,germet-swed,germet-odan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-mlg,germet-lg,germet-ohg,germet-hg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 773
Root: i̯eg-
English meaning: ice
German meaning: `Eis'
General comments: nur germ. und kelt.
Material: Altnord. jaki m. (*ekan- < *jekan-) `Eisstück', vgl. schweiz. jäch, gicht (= gejicht) `Reif, gefrorener Tau auf Bäumen'; demin. Bildung altnord. jǫkull m. `herabhängender Eiszapfen, Gletscher'; ags. gicel(a) m. `Eiszapfen, Eisscholle', engl. icicle = ags. īses gicel, anord. ichilla `stiria', ndd. īshekel, jäkel `Eiszapfen' (mnd. jokele ds. dürfte aus dem Nord. stammen); ahd. ihilla (= *jichilla) `stiria'; mir. aig f. (Gen. ega) `Eis' (*i̯egi-s), cymr. iā m. ds., iaen (*i̯eginā) `glacicula', acorn. iey gl. glaties, iein gl. frigus, mcorn. yeyn, yen `kalt', br. ien `kalt'.
Das a in mir. aig ist aus e vor palat. g entstanden, das a in den brit. Formen hingegen durch den Wandel von anlaut. je- zu ja- zu erklären; vgl. unter i̯et-;
über hitt. e-ku-na-š `kalt' vgl. Pedersen Hitt. 171.
References: WP. I 206; Schweiz. Idiotikon II 112 f., 1120, III 5, IV 1010.
Pages: 503
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-comments,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 167
Proto: *jäkšV
English meaning: cool, cold
German meaning: kühl, kalt; kühl, kalt werden
Finnish: jähty- 'erkalten, kalt, abgekühlt werden', jäähty- 'sich abkühlen'
Saam (Lapp): iksem, jiksem (N) 'frigidus', jieksō- (L) 'kühler, kälter werden (vom Wetter)', jeuhsas 'kalt und windig', jeuhsos 'kühl, frisch', jik͕̄sem (T) 'kalt'
Mordovian: ekše (E), jäšä, äšä (M) 'kühl; Schatten; das hinter gelegene', ekšse (E) 'hinter'
Mari (Cheremis): ükše- (KB), d́ükše- (U), jükše- (B) 'kalt werden', üštǝ (KB), d́üštö (U) 'kalt; Kälte', jüštö (B) 'kalt; Frost'
Khanty (Ostyak): jöɣli (V) 'kalt; Kälte', jȧ̆ɣлi (Trj.) id., jȧ̆ɣtǝ (DT) 'etwas kalt, kühl', jĭлĭ 'kühl; Kühle'
Addenda: Kar. jähtü-; Veps. jäuhtu-
References: FUV; SKES; КЭСКЯ; DEWO 341; Collinder Comp. Cr. 64, 104, 169, 411
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-saa,uralet-mrd,uralet-mar,uralet-khn,uralet-add,uralet-lit,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *ēk-
Meaning : to cool down
Proto-North Dravidian : *ēq- dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-ndr,
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North Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-North-Dravidian : *ēq-
Meaning : to cool down
Kurukh : ēxnā (īxyas) "to lose heat, cool down, lose the heat of excitement or passion"
Malto : ēg̣e "to become cool, be healed"
Additional forms : Also KUR ēxrnā (heat of day) abates; ēxtaʔānā to cool (tr.); MLT ēg̣tre to make cool.
Number in DED : 875
ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-kur,ndret-mlt,ndret-addition,ndret-dednum,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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