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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=Hǝχ_wAn
Meaning: to quarrel, fight
Proto-West Caucasian: *χIʷa Notes: The etymology seems reliable both phonetically and semantically.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *=iχVn ( ~ -q-)
Meaning: to hate
Chamalal: jiχan-
Comments: Attested only in Cham., but having probable external parallels. j- is probably an original class marker.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-chm,aandet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: =aha-n
Meaning: to quarrel
Lak form: =aha-n
Comments: G. pr. =ah-nu.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *=aχIʷ- ( ~ -χ:Iʷ-)
Meaning: to fight
Akusha: =aIħʷ-/=irħʷ-
Comments: An Ur. form (cited from Uslar's recordings).
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔaχ:ʷän ( ~ -en)
Meaning: 1 to quarrel 2 to fight 3 war, fight
Lezghian: q:-eχün- 1
Agul: al-uχI- 1
Kryz: =äχn- 2
Archi: anχ 3
Comment: The Archi word is an old nominal derivate and points to original *χ:ʷ (cf. plur. anχ:-um). The Lezg. and Ag. forms, however, favour the reconstruction of weak *-χʷ-. The reason for this is not quite clear (influence of other verbs of "beating", e.g. PL *t:-arχV-, *jirχIa- q.v. ? - The latter would explain also the irregular pharyngealisation in the Agul form).
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-agu,lezget-krz,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *χIʷa
Meaning: 1 to curse, offend 2 curse, offence
Abkhaz: á-čʷ-ħa-ra 1
Abaza: čʷ-ħa-ra 1
Adyghe: χʷāna-n 1
Kabardian: ja-χʷana-n 1
Ubykh: cʷǝ-χIá 2
Comments: PAT *cʷǝ-ħa- (a compound with *cʷǝ- 'bad, evil' = Ub. cʷǝ-χIá). PAK *χʷa-na- 'to curse' is actually a nominal derivate from *χʷa-nǝ 'curse' (preserved in Kab. χʷan), which itself is originally a nominal form of the verbal stem *χʷa-. Delabialisation in PAT and Ub. is due to dissimilation (with the labialised cʷ- of the 1st compound element). Cf. also PAK *χʷǝ-ć̣a- > Kab., Ad. χʷǝṣ́a-n 'to quarrel, swear, grumble' (probably borrowed into Ubykh as χʷǝć̣á- / χʷǝč̣́á- 'être excité'. In Abaz. there are also variants ħʷa-čʷa-ra 'to prate, twaddle', čʷǵa-ħʷa-ra 'to talk scandal' (but these may contain PAT *ħʷa 'to speak').
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=Hǝ́χwAn- ( ~ -xk-)
Meaning: quarrel
Comments and references : WFR 128.
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *K[ō]m ( ~ Q-)
Meaning: quarrel, curse
Kachin: dǝgam3 to curse, to imprecate evil against.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-kach,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 鬨
Modern (Beijing) reading: hòng
Preclassic Old Chinese: g(h)ōŋs
Classic Old Chinese: g(h)ōŋh
Western Han Chinese: gōŋh (~ ɣ-)
Eastern Han Chinese: gōŋh (~ ɣ-)
Early Postclassic Chinese: gṑŋ (~ ɣ-)
Middle Postclassic Chinese: gṑŋ (~ ɣ-)
Late Postclassic Chinese: gwṑŋ (~ ɣ-)
Middle Chinese: ɣùŋ
English meaning : quarrel, fight
Russian meaning[s]: 1) драка; ссора; склока; свалка; шум, гам; 2) прогонять, отгонять (окриком); 3) гнать; гнаться за...; 4) взлететь, взвинтиться (о ценах)
Comments: Also read *g(h)rōŋ-s, MC ɣạ̀uŋ id.
Radical: 191
Four-angle index: 3359
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *higuni
Meaning: 1 hatred, loathing 2 to hate, loathe 3 hateful, loathsome 4 (man) to put away one's wife 5 (bird) to abandon one's eggs 6 to wean (a child) 7 hated 8 become hated
Bizkaian: iguin 1, iguin-du 2, (arc) {ygui, yguy} 1, 7
Gipuzkoan: igui-tu 2
High Navarrese: iguin 1, 2
Low Navarrese: higuin 1, 2, 4, 5
Salazarese: iguin 1
Lapurdian: higuin 1, 3, 4, 5, higuin-du 6
Zuberoan: higüin 4, 5, (Barkoxe) hügü̃́ 7, hügü̃́n-tü 8
Roncalese: ugun 1
Comments: Chamali jiχan- 'to hate' is especially close to the Bsq words.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-sal,basqet-lab,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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