North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *HubV̆ ( ~ -o-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: orphan; step-relation

Proto-Nakh: *ba-du ( ~ -ā-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʔubV-

Proto-Dargwa: *ʔup:a-j ( ~ -b-)

Proto-West Caucasian: *bIa

Notes: Cf. also Hurr. χu/ob-idi- "boy; calf" (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 18). The root is not reflected in PL which preserves well medial clusters with resonants; thus it is possible also to reconstruct *HurbV̆ - a form really close to PIE *orbho- (but despite Shagirov 1,181-182 the direction of borrowing - from IE or vice versa - is still to be established). The root belongs to a number of stems common to several linguistic families of the ancient Near East: besides IE and NC, cf. also PK *obol- 'orphan' (Климов 1965, 149-150).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ba-du ( ~ -ā-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: orphan

Chechen: bō

Ingush: bo

Batsbi: badŏ

Comments: 3d class in all languages. Final *-du is probably an old common NC attributive suffix.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʔubV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: second cousin

Chamalal: uba-b (Gig.)

Comments: Attested only in Cham., but having probable external parallels.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ʔup:a-j ( ~ -b-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: step-relative

Akusha: ubaj

Comments: The word is used in compounds (ubaj urši 'step-son', ubaj rursi 'step-daughter', ubaj dudeš 'step-father', ubaj neš 'step-mother'). -b- in Ak. certifies the secondary nature of -ɣ- in Ur. uɣaj-ada 'step-father', uɣaj-aba 'step-mother' - which makes Trubetzkoy's (1922, 242) comparison of this word with Av. w-aƛ̣:a-d 'father-in-law' improbable (etymology of the latter see under PEC *Ł_ōlV).

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *bIa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: orphan

Abkhaz: á-jba

Abaza: jǝba

Adyghe: jǝba

Kabardian: jǝba

Ubykh: jabIá

Comments: PAT *jǝba; PAK *jǝbá. The common PWC form *jǝ-bIa contains a pronominal prefix *jǝ-, but the same root without it is also attested: cf. PAK *sʷǝzá-ba 'widow' (a compound with *sʷǝzǝ 'woman') > Ad. ś̌ǝzāb, Kab. fǝzāba.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Hó̆bV̆

Meaning: orphan; celibate

North Caucasian: *HubV̆ ( ~ -o-)

Yenisseian: *ʔǝʔpVl- (~x-)

Comments and references : ? Cf. Bur. Yas. phópos, Hun. phópuṣ `bastard'.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔǝpVl- (~x-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bachelor

Ket: ʌ:ĺ; ʌĺ-git⁵ "bachelor"; Bak. ʌ:ĺ "separate, lonely"

Yug: ʌfɨl⁵ 'bachelor'

Kottish: ipal, īpal 'free'

Comments: ССЕ 191. Werner 2, 416.

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