North Caucasian etymology : List with all references

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʒ́ĭ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: self, oneself

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ži-

Proto-Tsezian: *ž:V

Proto-Lezghian: *=iž

Proto-West Caucasian: *źǝ ( ~ z-)

Notes: A common NC reflexive pronoun; the EC and WC forms were first compared by Trubetzkoy (1930, 274). See also Абдоков 1983, 140. PL preserves the paradigm of this pronoun in the most detailed form: as seen from the Lezghian evidence, *ʒ́ĭ was originally an oblique stem (followed by class and case suffixes), while the direct stem was *-ĭʒ́V - i. e., most probably, the same *ʒ́ĭ, but with prefixed class markers.

Av.-And.-Tsezian languages use the stem *HinV- (q.v.) as the oblique stem. It is possible that *ʒ́ĭ was a general oblique stem, while *HinV- was used in the dative/genitive cases.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ži-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: (one)self

Avar: ži-

Andian language: ži-

Akhvakh: ži-

Chamalal: zi-

Karata: že-

Godoberi: ži-

Comments: The reduplicated stem serves as a quantor pronoun ('all') in Cham.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ž:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: (one)self

Tsezi: žo

Ginukh: zo

Khvarshi: žu (Radzhibov)

Bezhta: žü

Gunzib: žu

Comments: PTsKh *žo, PGB *žu.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *=iž

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: (one)self

Lezghian: žuw (1-2 pers.)

Tabasaran: ž̌uw (1-2pers.)

Rutul: =iǯ

Tsakhur: =iǯ

Kryz: iǯ (2d cl.)

Archi: inž

Comment: The stem originally referred only to the 1st/2d classes (the 3d and 4th had a separate reflexive pronoun), and this situation persists in Tsakh., although other languages have modified it in different ways.

The obl. base of this pronoun must be reconstructed as *žʷi- (1st cl.), *že- (2d cl.), cf. the Lezg. and Tab. forms (going back to the original oblique base) and Rut. ǯu- (1), ǯi- (2), Tsakh. ǯu- (1), ǯe- (2), Arch. žu- (1), že- (2).

See Гигинейшвили 1977, 114; Aлексеев 1985, 73-74.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *źǝ ( ~ z-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: self, oneself

Adyghe: jaž́

Kabardian: jazǝ

Comments: PAK *ja-zǝ. The first part goes back to the demonstrative pronoun *ja (q.v.). The Ad. form is ingeniously explained by Shagirov (1, 172) as a contraction from the erg.-obl. case *jaz-š́ < *jazǝ-š́ (-š́ is the normal ending of this case in Ad. pronouns, but jaž́ in the Bzhedugh dialect has no ending either in the erg.-obl. case or in the nominative case).

Because of an obvious connection in EC, Yakovlev's etymology of *-zǝ ( = *zǝ 'one', see Yakovlev 1948, 69, 143, Shagirov 1, 173) should be abandoned.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʒ́ĭ

Meaning: self

North Caucasian: *ʒ́ĭ

Sino-Tibetan: *ci ( ~ ć(h)-)

Comments and references : [Cf. Uralic *iće 'self; soul'?]

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ci ( ~ ć(h)-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: self

Chinese: 自 *ʒ_ijs (~ʒ́_-,-ts) self.

Lushai: čiaʔ self.

Chinese characters :

Character: 自

Modern (Beijing) reading: zì

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ(h)its (~ ʒ́-, ~ -js)

Classic Old Chinese: ʒ(h)ić

Western Han Chinese: ʒ(h)jǝś

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ(h)jǝś

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ(h)jiś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ(h)jìj

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ(h)jì

Middle Chinese: ʒjì

Fanqie: 賊次

Rhyme class: 寘

English meaning : to start from, come from, follow; from

Russian meaning[s]: 1) сам; лично; свой; собственный; 2) префикс, выражающий возвратный характер действия; 3) само собой; естественно; разумеется; очевидно; 4) из, от; с, со времени; с тех пор как...; в обстоятельствах времени и места указывает на исходное место или время действия; 5) Цзы (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 鼻也. 象鼻形. 凡自之屬皆從自.

Comments: Used also for a homonymous *ʒ(h)its ( ~ -j-s)'self'. Standard Sino-Viet. is tụ'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 132

Four-angle index: 1709

Vietnamese reading: tù'

Shijing occurrences: 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 29.3, 29.4, 32.1, 32.2, 33.1, 40.1, 40.2, 40.3, 42.3, 58.4

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Chinese Dialects :

Number: 299

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 自

MC description : 止開三去至從

ZIHUI: 5261 0412

Beijing: ci_ 3

Jinan: ci_ 2

Xi'an: ci_ 3

Taiyuan: ci_ 3

Hankou: ci_ 3

Chengdu: ci_ 3

Yangzhou: ci_ 3

Suzhou: zi_ 32

Wenzhou: zi_ 32

Changsha: ci_ 31 (lit.); ci_ 32

Shuangfeng: ʒi_ 32

Nanchang: chi_ 32

Meixian: chi_ 3

Guangzhou: či 32

Xiamen: cu 32

Chaozhou: ci_ 22

Fuzhou: cöy 32

Shanghai: zi_ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: ci_ 3

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