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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *q̇HwǝntV
Meaning: knee; elbow
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *q̇ɔ(n)tV
Meaning: 1 knee 2 ankle
Tsezi: q̇Iontu 1
Ginukh: q̇ontu 1
Khvarshi: q̇ontu 1
Bezhta: q̇ata 2 (Khosh.)
Gunzib: q̇ɔd 2
Comments: PTsKh *q̇ontu, PGB *q̇ɔt(a). Cf. also Bezht. Tlad. q̇oṭ 'ankle' which is a contamination of PGB *q̇ɔt(a) and *ṭuq̇a q.v.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: aInt
Meaning: span (between the thumb and the small finger)
Lak form: aInt
Comments: Gen. pl. aInt-urdil; cf. Khosr. aInt, aInt-urdil id. Originally had probably meant "angle" (cf. the external evidence).
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *q̇Iunt
Meaning: elbow
Lezghian: q̇ünt
Comment: Obl. base q̇üntü-. The word is isolated within Lezgian, but has reliable external correspondences.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xq̇HwɨntV̄́
Meaning: elbow
Comments and references : HGC 25, BCD 27. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-notes,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kūt
Meaning: bone, bone of hand
Lushai: kut hand, KC *kut.
Comments: Kanauri gŭdʔ; Magari hut; Newari ku; Chepang kut'; Vayu got . Sh. 140, 144, 161.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-lush,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 骨
Modern (Beijing) reading: gǔ
Preclassic Old Chinese: kūt
Classic Old Chinese: kwǝ̄t
Western Han Chinese: kwǝ̄t
Eastern Han Chinese: kwǝ̄t
Early Postclassic Chinese: kwǝ̄t
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kwǝ̄t
Late Postclassic Chinese: kwǝ̄t
Middle Chinese: kot
English meaning : bone
Russian meaning[s]: 1) кость; скелет, остов; 2) телосложение; облик; 3) кости, останки; 4) крепкий; прямой; 5) Гу (фамилия)
Radical: 188
Four-angle index: 3547
Karlgren code: 0486 a
Vietnamese reading: cốt
Jianchuan Bai: kua6-
Dali Bai: kua6-
Bijiang Bai: qua6
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 1089
Character: 骨
MC description : 臻合一入沒見
ZIHUI: 7539 0912
Beijing: ku 2
Jinan: ku 11
Xi'an: ku 11
Taiyuan: kuǝʔ 41
Hankou: ku 12
Chengdu: ku 12
Yangzhou: kuǝʔ 4
Suzhou: kuôʔ 41
Wenzhou: ky 41
Changsha: ku 4
Shuangfeng: kǝu 12
Nanchang: kut 41
Meixian: kut 41
Guangzhou: kuat 41
Xiamen: kut 41
Chaozhou: kuk 41
Fuzhou: kauʔ 41
Shanghai: kuôʔ 4
Zhongyuan yinyun: ku 42
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *gù[t]
Meaning: hand; joint
Sunwar: guj hand
Comments: Toba 91 *kha (?) (comparing Kul. hu and Kal. kha_).
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-sun,kiret-lim,kiret-dum,kiret-kul,kiret-yam,kiret-notes,
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Limbu dictionary :
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Entry: huk
Grammar: n.
Meaning: arm, hand.
limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,
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Dumi dictionary :
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Entry: gutna
Grammar: n.
Meaning: joint; knee
dumet-prnum,dumet-pspeech,dumet-meaning,dumet-comments,
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Kulung dictionary :
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Entry: hu
Grammar: n.
Meaning: arm
Nepali: hāt.
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,
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Yamphu dictionary :
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Entry: huk
Grammar: n.
Meaning: hand
Comments: huksaraŋ hands and feet.
Nepali: hāt
yamet-prnum,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,yamet-comments,yamet-nepali,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *g[i]d
Meaning: elbow, joint; to bend
Ket: uĺgit5, pl. uĺgerǝŋ5 (Bak., Sur. uĺgitǝŋ5) 'elbow'; ába-ɣit (MKet.) 'es biegt sich', South. ávaɣeŕeŋ id. (Werner 1, 13)
Yug: uĺgit 'elbow'; (Werner 1, 13, 287) -gɛdiŋ 'sich biegen'
Kottish: kenar-xatken (Бол.) "elbow" (kenar "arm"); pul-gatken 'hip' ("берце") (pul "leg")
Comments: ССЕ 227. Ket-Yug reflect a compound with *ʔuĺ- 'bone' (see *ʔuĺaʒ 'rib') in the first part. Werner 2, 339 (doubts the Ket-Kott. comparison, for an unpronounced reason).
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVNTV
Meaning : elbow, cubit
Amerind (misc.) : *ḳutu 'elbow' (R 219) [+ A]; *kati 'knee' (405) globet-meaning,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kund-
Meaning: hand, fist
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-scu,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 2600
Proto-Semitic: *kun/m(V)d-
Meaning: forearm, cubit, fist, thumb
Hebrew: gōmäd 'a linear measure, short cubit' [KB 196]
Judaic Aramaic: kurmēdā 'fist' [Ja 625]; garmīdā 'arm, elbow, cubit' [Ja 270]. Jastrow's note "(=gammīdā)" is not clear since no such form is quoted in his dictionary
Syrian Aramaic: garmīdā, gūrmīdā 'cubitus, ulna' [Brock 133]
Mandaic Aramaic: garmidia 'two cubits' [DM 79] (singular not found). Note also gurmaiza 'fist' compared in [KB 196], but thought to be an Iranian loanword in [DM]. If cognate, -z requires explanation
Arabic: kumudd-at- 'verge, pénis' [BK 2 929]. Likely a semantic shift; for a similar shift, cf. UGR yd and HBR yād 'hand' and 'penis'
Amharic: kǝnd 'cubit (distance from the elbow to the tip of of the middle finger, appr. 48 cm.); arm, forearm' [K 1445]
Gafat: kǝndä 'bras' [LGaf 209]
Mehri: mǝkǝndēt 'big toe, thumb' [JM 212]
Jibbali: mis̃ǝndɔ́t 'thumb, big toe' [JJ 132]
Notes: Though an intricate case, a coincidence of a very specified meaning in HBR and ARM, on the one hand, and AMH, on the other, can hardly be accidental. A phonetic diversity throughout SEM can be explained by (1) low compatibility of a voiced and voiceless stop in HBR and ARM, and (2) change of *-m- > -n- in contact with -d (for a similar phonetic evolution cf. *p/ban/md-(aw-)at-, No. ).
Cf. AKK gamatu 'a measure' SB in LL [CAD g 32], [AHw 278]; one wonders whether it can be explained from *gamattu < *gamad-t-u or from *gamadu, with -ad- mistaken for the -at- suffix, developed from *kamadu because of low compatibility of k and d.
Cf. ARM *garmīdā, with -r- inserted probably by contamination with some similar term; could it be ARM and SEM *garm- 'bone' (No. )?
The AMH and GAF examples were alternatively identified by Leslau with AMH kǝrn, TNA kʷǝrnaʕ 'elbow' [LGur 347] (see *kʷirnāʕ-, No. ), which is also possible. A more obscure case is END h_ǝtnä, hǝtnä 'arm, cubit, arm below the elbow' [ibid.]; it is hard to say whether this may derive from the present root or from *kʷirnāʕ-, in either case with a series of unusual phonetic transformations.
Note a derived pattern and a meaning shift in MSA.
[KB 196]: HBR, ARM (-r-); [Brock 133]: SYR, ARM, HBR, GEZ (gʷǝnd 'baculus').
Comparison with ETH and MSA forms denoting 'stick, wood' (TNA gʷämäd, JIB gend) suggested in [Leslau 15] is unconvincing
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-hbr,semet-jud,semet-syr,semet-mnd,semet-ara,semet-amh,semet-gaf,semet-mhr,semet-jib,semet-notes,
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South Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-South Cushitic: *kund-
Meaning: 'fist'
Iraqw (Mbulu): kunday
Alagwa (Wasi): kunday
Ma'a (Mbugu): kundí
Notes: Ehr HRSC 247
scuet-prnum,scuet-meaning,scuet-irq,scuet-alg,scuet-maa,scuet-notes,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *kVt
Meaning: limb, span
Austroasiatic meaning: span
Proto-Austronesian: *kukud (also *taked leg, foot)
Austronesian meaning: shank or hoof of animals
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: kVt
Meaning: span
Proto-Khmu: Lkm ka:t
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-kat,aaet-bah,aaet-kmu,
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Katuic etymology :
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Proto-Katuic: *ka:t / *kǝ:t
Meaning: the length from the elbow to the middle finger
Presyllable: # / sǝ-
References: TK12.11
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-wkat,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,
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West Katuic etymology :
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Proto-West Katuic: *ka:t
Meaning: the length from the elbow to the middle finger
Presyllable: sǝ-
Bru Van Keu: saka:t
Bru Van Keu meaning: span
So: cika:t.N
So meaning: hand span
wkatet-meaning,wkatet-wpre,wkatet-prnum,wkatet-vkv,wkatet-vkvme,wkatet-so,wkatet-some,
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East Katuic etymology :
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Proto-East Katuic:
Meaning: two hand spans
Pakoh: kǝ:t.L
Pakoh meaning: length of two hand spans
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-pak,ekatet-pakme,
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Bahnar etymology :
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Proto-Bahnaric: *găt
Meaning: cubit
Presyllable: hǝ-
Bahnar: hǝgat
Bahnar meaning: cubit
References: PNB-223
banet-meaning,banet-prpr,banet-prnum,banet-bah,banet-bahme,banet-nob,banet-refer,
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North Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-North-Bahnaric: *gat.T, hǝ-
Meaning: cubit
Sedang form: hǝka.L
Sedang meaning: arm cubit
Hre form: hǝgat.T
Hre meaning: cubit
References: PNB-223
nobet-meaning,nobet-prnum,nobet-sed,nobet-sedme,nobet-hre,nobet-hreme,nobet-refer,
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