North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *pɨ̆dwV / *bɨ̆twV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: feather, down

Proto-Nakh: *patVr

Proto-Tsezian: *pɨdʷV

Proto-Lezghian: *put:/*put

Proto-Khinalug: pɨt

Proto-West Caucasian: *bǝtʷa

Notes: The root reveals some secondary shifts of laryngeal features (usual for roots with two stops); some reflexes (PL *put, Khin. pɨt, Abkh. á-pčʷa) go back to a variant with both stops unvoiced (*pɨ̆twV).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *patVr

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: down 1 goat's down

Chechen: patar

Ingush: petar

Comments: 3d class in Chech., 4th class in Ing. -r is originally a suffix (plural).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *pɨdʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: feather

Bezhta: pudo

Gunzib: pode

Comments: PGB *podV/*pudV (vowel vacillation possibly reflects the earlier labialisation).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *put:/*put

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 horse's main 2 plait, tress

Lezghian: put 2 (Akht.)

Agul: put 1

Comment: Cf. also Ag. Burk. pud 'horse's mane';the voiceless -t in Lezg. and Ag. (Rich., Tp.) is due to late assimilation.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *bǝtʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sheep's spring-time hair

Abkhaz: á-btʷa

Abaza: bčʷa

Comments: PAT *bǝtʷa (in Abkh. there exists also a secondary variant á-ptʷa).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *pɨ̆dwV / *bɨ̆twV

Meaning: hair, feather

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *pɨ̆dwV / *bɨ̆twV

Sino-Tibetan: *Pŏt (~ -uat)

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Pŏt (~ -uat)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hair

Chinese: 髮 *pat hair.

Tibetan: phud hair-knot, tuft of hair.

Burmese: phwat-mrih plait.

Chinese characters :

Character: 髮

Modern (Beijing) reading: fá

Preclassic Old Chinese: pat

Classic Old Chinese: pat

Western Han Chinese: pat

Eastern Han Chinese: pwat

Early Postclassic Chinese: pwat

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pwǝt

Late Postclassic Chinese: pwǝt

Middle Chinese: pwǝt

English meaning : hair

Russian meaning[s]: 1) волосы, шевелюра; волос; волосок; нитевидный; 2) растительность, трава; мох, лишай; 3) Фа (фамилия)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 190

Four-angle index: 5915

Karlgren code: 0276 i

Shijing occurrences: 47.2

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2126

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 髮

MC description : 山合三入月非

ZIHUI: 7569 0029

Beijing: fa 2

Jinan: fa 2

Xi'an: fa 11

Taiyuan: faʔ 41

Hankou: fa 12

Chengdu: fa 11; fa 12

Yangzhou: faʔ 4

Suzhou: faʔ 41

Wenzhou: xo 41

Changsha: fa 4

Shuangfeng: xua 12

Nanchang: фuat 41

Meixian: fat 41

Guangzhou: fāt 43

Xiamen: huat 41

Chaozhou: huek 41

Fuzhou: xuaʔ 41

Shanghai: faʔ 4

Zhongyuan yinyun: fa 42

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVTV

Meaning : hair, feather

Eurasiatic : *pUdV (? *HapUdV)

Sino-Caucasian : *pɨ̆dwV / *bɨ̆twV

Austric : PAN *d'[ae](m)but 'hairy' (may be < ST, see Peiros 1998, 221)

Amerind (misc.) : *pat 'feather' (under *ṗaƛ R 247); *puta 'head' (R 366)

Notes : Here also Ainu *etopi 'hair'?

Reference : GE 109 *ṗuƛi (with completely wrong Nostr. data).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *pUdV

Meaning: hair

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *bi̯udu

Uralic: apte 'hair' (?)

Kartvelian: Svan. pätw 'hair'

Dravidian: PGK *put-g- 'feather'

References: ND 1825 *p[u]tV ~ *p[u]ṭV 'feather, hair' (but IE *pet- hardly here).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯udu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: down, feather, curly

Russian meaning: пух, перо, курчавый

Turkic: *bɨdɨk (*bɨdńɨk)

Mongolian: *buǯi- / *boǯi-

Tungus-Manchu: *bodu-

Japanese: *pí-n-kai

Comments: KW 58, Владимирцов 174, Poppe 21, 53, Лексика 224. Despite Лексика 223, Turk. *budra 'curls' (ЭСТЯ 2, 245) very probably represents the same root as *bɨdɨk 'moustache' and also belongs here. Jpn. *pí- should be regarded as an early contraction < *bi̯uj- < *bi̯udu.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *bɨdɨk (*bɨdńɨk)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: moustache

Russian meaning: усы

Karakhanid: bɨδɨq (MK), bɨjɨq (IM)

Turkish: bɨjɨk

Tatar: mɨjɨq

Middle Turkic: bɨɣ, mɨɣ (Sangl.)

Uzbek: mɨjɨq (dial.)

Azerbaidzhan: bɨɣ

Turkmen: mɨjq (dial.)

Oyrat: mɨjɨq

Chuvash: mъjъx

Yakut: bɨtɨk

Dolgan: bɨtɨk

Kirghiz: mɨjɨq

Noghai: mɨjɨq

Bashkir: mɨjɨq

Balkar: mɨjɨq

Gagauz: bɨjɨq

Karaim: mɨjɨx

Karakalpak: mɨjɨq

Kumyk: mɨjɨq

Comments: VEWT 73, EDT 301, ЭСТЯ 2, 304, Лексика 223, Stachowski 71.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *buǯi- / *boǯi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 curly, fleecy 2 down (of bird) 3 be curly

Russian meaning: 1 кудрявый, пушистый 2 пух 3 быть курчавым

Written Mongolian: buǯigir 1 (L 143), boǯuɣu 2 (L 123), buǯiji- 3 (L 143)

Khalkha: bužgir 1, boʒgo 2

Kalmuck: buǯǝɣǝr 1, buǯī- 3

Ordos: buǯī- 3

Comments: KW 57-58. Mong. > Yak. buǯur-, Evk. buǯir etc., see Doerfer MT 78.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *bodu-ruka

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: curly, fleecy

Russian meaning: кудрявый, курчавый

Even: bodụrụqa

Comments: ТМС 1, 103. Attested only in Evn., but having quite probable external parallels.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *pí-n-kai

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: beard

Russian meaning: борода

Old Japanese: pjige

Middle Japanese: fígé

Tokyo: hìge

Kyoto: hígé

Kagoshima: híge

Comments: JLTT 406. Historically a compound with *kái 'hair'.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 23

Proto: *apte

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: hair

German meaning: Haar

Finnish: hapsi (gen. hapsen) 'Haar' (?), hahta, hahtu 'feines Haar' ( < Germ. *hazd-?)

Saam (Lapp): vuok'tâ -vt- 'hair of the head' (N), vuob'ta ~ vuokta ~ vuopta (L), vī̊pt (T), vūpt (Kld.), vuopt (Not.), vuohpt (A)

Mari (Cheremis): üp 'Haar' (KB U B)

Khanty (Ostyak): awǝt (V), upǝt (DN), opǝt (O) 'Haupthaar'

Mansi (Vogul): ɛ̮̄t (TJ), āt (So.) 'Haarflechte (TJ), Haar (So.)', ē̮t 'Haar' (KM P)

Nenets (Yurak): ŋäept 'Kopfhaar' (O)

Enets (Yen): itoʔ (Ch.), itto (K)

Nganasan (Tawgi): ŋabta, ŋâbta 'Haar'

Selkup: ȯptǝ (Ta.), opttɔ (Ke.) 'Pferdehaar', opti (Tur.) 'Kopfhaar', opt (Ty.) 'Haar'

Kamass: e̮pti 'menschliches Haar, Menschenhaar'

Janhunen's version: (69) *i6pti6

Sammalahti's version: *i6pti6

Addenda: Koib. abde 'Haar'; Mot. ipti; Karag. obti-da; Taig. öbde-tä

References: FUV; Donn.VglWb. 798-9; SKES; Stein.FgrVok. 58; Collinder CompGr. 88, 155, 191, 377

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