North Caucasian etymology : List with all references

Proto-North Caucasian: *q̇wīlc̣ŏmV

Meaning: mule

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q̇ʷirc̣im / *ʁʷirc̣im

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The listed forms are most probably genuine (old interlingual borrowings are not excluded, but phonetically the PN, Av.-And. and Lak. forms correspond well to each other). A loan from Old Av. or Old Lak. is probably Arch. q̇urc̣em 'mule' (since it is isolated within Lezghian).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *bʡārc̣on

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mule

Chechen: bʕarza

Ingush: bʕarza

Batsbi: bʕarc̣õ

Comments: Cf. also Shar. bʕorʒõ, Itumk. bʕārʒã (pointing to a long vowel in PN). 4th class in Chech., Ing., 5th class in Bacb. In Ing. we would expect *bʕɔrza; the form bʕarza is probably a result of vowel levelling (on analogy with the obl. base *bʡārc̣ana-).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *q̇ʷirc̣im / *ʁʷirc̣im

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mule

Avar: ʕorc̣én

Chadakolob: ʕurč̣én

Andian language: Gurc̣im

Chamalal: ʁoc̣ũ

Tindi: ʁorc̣in

Bagvalal: ʁurc̣um

Comments: Av. paradigm B (ʕorc̣á-dul, ʕorc̣á-bi; Chad. ʕurč̣ní-l, ʕurč̣éna-l /ʕurč̣-bí). Cf. also Cham. Gig. χuzin (with a late dissimilation: χuzin < *ʁuzin < *ʁʷirc̣im). Several Andian forms are not inherited, but borrowed from Av. (as seen from the initial reflex ʕ-): Akhv. ʕoc̣ino, Ratl. ʕorc̣ini, Kar. ʕurc̣ina, Arch. ʕorc̣imo, Rac. ʕurc̣im, Tok. ħorc̣in, God. ʕorc̣in.

The root is also spread in Tsezian languages, but only as a loan (as is clearly seen from the preservation of medial -r-). Recent loans from Av. are Gin. hurc̣um, Bezht. Tlad. ʕürc̣en, Khosh. χorc̣on (this form may also havean Andian origin), Gunz. horc̣om. A more ancient loan from Andian (or Avaro-Andian) is PTsKh *q̇ʷirc̣(u)ne reflected in Tsez. q̇ʷer(e)c̣ni, Inkh. q̇urc̣une.

North Caucasian etymology :

Nakh etymology :

Avar-Andian etymology :

Lak etymology :