North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *G_wĭbV

Meaning: ploughshare

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q̇:ʷibV

Proto-Tsezian: *qʷV(bV)

Proto-Dargwa: *ʁʷab

Proto-Khinalug: q̇uw

Proto-West Caucasian: *q̇́aba

Notes: An important common NC cultural term. Although within WC the root is attested only in Abaz., the probability of borrowing is rather small. Phonetic correspondences are quite regular (although there is some uncertainty about the first vowel; it is only clear that it was short and front); the uvular consonant had undergone a usual delabialisation before the following labial in PWC.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *q̇:ʷibV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ploughshare

Andian language: q̇:eb

Akhvakh: q̇:obe

Chamalal: q̇:ob

Tindi: q̇:oba

Karata: q̇:obo

Comments: Cf. also Cham. Gig. q̇:ubu.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *qʷV(bV)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ploughshare

Tsezi: qIu

Ginukh: qu

Khvarshi: qu (Radzhibov)

Inkhokvari: qIu

Bezhta: qö (Khosh.)

Gunzib: qe

Comments: PTsKh *quI (source of pharyngealization unclear); PGB *qʷe (cf. also Tlad. qö). The root *qʷe is a result of reanalysing the final *-bV as a plural suffix (cf. plural forms like Gunz. qebur; note that in Gunz. the oblique stem is also qebo-).

    The vocalism is hard to reconstruct (probably some Ablaut type is reflected).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ʁʷab

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ploughshare

Akusha: ʁab

Chiragh: ʁʷab

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *q̇́aba

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ploughshare

Abaza: q̇́aba

Comments: Isolated in Abaz., but having very probable EC parallels.

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