North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *Hc̣_wējmǝ̆ (~ -ŏ)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: leg bone

Proto-Nakh: *n(ɦ)ōsta (~-ṭ-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *hinc̣:V (~ħ-,-c:-)

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔõc (~-ǝ̃-)

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣ʷäm

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. A typical case of the HCVRV̆ structure; medial *-j- reconstructed to account for *-st- in PN. There is some doubt as to the reconstruction of the final resonant: the reconstruction *Hc̣_wējnǝ̆ (with assimilation *-n > -m in PL) is also possible (Aand-Cez languages are here not informative).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *n(ɦ)ōsta (~-ṭ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 leg (from foot to knee) 2 shin, shank

Chechen: nosta

Ingush: nost

Comments: PN paradigm *n(ɦ)ōsta, *n(ɦ)āstar- (cf. Chech. nastara-, Ing. nastaro). 4th class in Chech. and Ing.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *hinc̣:V (~ħ-,-c:-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: groin (of an animal)

Tindi: hinc:i

Comments: Attested only in Tind., but having probable external parallels.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔõc (~-ǝ̃-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: knucklebone

Bezhta: õc

Comments: Attested only in Bezht., but having probable external parallels.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣ʷäm

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 shin-bone 2 ankle

Lezghian: c̣um 1

Rutul: c̣um 1

Tsakhur: c̣om 1

Archi: c̣am-mul 2

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. c̣um / c̣ɨm. Arch. -mul is a plural suffix. Obl. base *c̣ʷäma- (cf. Rut. c̣úmu-, Tsakh. c̣oma-); 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Hc̣wḗjŋǝ̆

Meaning: limb, bone

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *Hc̣_wējmǝ̆ (~ -n-, -ŏ)

Sino-Tibetan: *[ʒ́]eŋ

Burushaski: *-śáŋ

Basque: *śoin

Comments and references : MCGD 5.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *[ʒ́]eŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: joint

Kachin: lǝseŋ¹ the corpus and metacorpus of the fore-arm; (H) lǝsiŋ wrist.

Lushai: čaŋ a joint (of finger, bamboo), čāŋ a joint.

Comments: Cf. also Bugun azeŋ 'bone'.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *-śáŋ

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: limbs, body parts

Hunza: -śáŋ

Nagar: -śáŋ

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *śoin

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 shoulder 2 (upper) back 3 midsection of pig (tenderloin) 4 garment, vestment

Bizkaian: soin 1, 4, soin-buru 2, sor-buru 2

Gipuzkoan: soin 1, 4, sor-buru 2

High Navarrese: soin 1, 3, 4, soin-buru 2, soin-gain 1

Low Navarrese: soin 1, 3, soin-gain 1, soiñ-egi 1, soin-buru 2

Salazarese: soin 1, soin-buru 2

Lapurdian: soin 1, 3, 4, soin-buru 2, soin-gain 1

Baztanese: soin 1, soin-buru 2

Zuberoan: suin, suñ 1, 3, süñ-hegi 1

Roncalese: soin 1, 4, soin-buru 2, soin-gain 1

Comments: This word has a stem variant *śor̄-: see BZK, GIP sor-buru (above) and *śor̄-ba[r]da (q.v.).

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVMV

Meaning : bone

Eurasiatic : *ʒ́VmV ? (cf. also *c`iŋu)

Afroasiatic : *cimʕ- (?) (cf. also Sem. *ʕač̣m-)

Sino-Caucasian : *Hc̣wḗjŋǝ̆

Austric : Cf. Austric: PAA *Cǝʔɨaŋ 'bone', PAN *suŋu 'horn' (cf. also *ʔʒVŋ 'foot, leg')

Amerind (misc.) : Salish *s-c̣ụmʔ 'bone'(under R 82 *tui)

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *zVmV

Meaning: loins, groin

Borean: Borean

Altaic: ? PA *zamU (Turk. *jạmɨŕ, Mong. *sami) 'groin'

Uralic: *ćVjmV (śVjmV)

Dravidian: ? *Coṇṭ-

References: ND 2068 *śVymV(-ṭV) 'hips, loins' (Mong.+Ur.+Drav. + Sem.).

Uralic etymology :

Number: 83

Proto: *ćVjmV (śVjmV)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: loins, groin

German meaning: Leistengegend, ?Weiche, ?Kreuz

Saam (Lapp): ši̊jms (T) 'Weiche' ?

Khanty (Ostyak): săjǝm (jăt numpe) (DN) 'Stelle über den Weichen, Taille?', sojǝm, sŏjǝm (jăt) (Kr.) 'Taille, Vorderseite der Taille', sǫjǝm (Kaz.) 'Leistengegend, Kreuz' ?

Proto-Samoyed: *sujV- ~ *süjV-

K. Reshetnikov's notes: š- in Lapp.: the same situation as in URAET 55? The Uralic form with *-mV may be reflected also in Sam.: cf. Forest Nenets x̣ụjjem.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *Coṇṭ-

Meaning : loins, hip

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *śoṇṭ-

Proto-Telugu : *tonṭ-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *śoṇṭ-

Meaning : hip, loins

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kannada : soṇṭa

Kannada meaning : hip, loins, waist

Tulu : soṇṭa, oṇṭa

Tulu meaning : hip, loins, waist

Number in DED : 2840

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *tonṭ-

Meaning : loins, hip

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu (Krishnamurti) : toṇṭi

Number in DED : 2840

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cimʕ- (?)

Meaning: leg; backbone'

Egyptian: smʕ (pyr) 'leg (of falcon)'

Western Chadic: *Hwacim- 'leg' 1, 'foot' 2

Central Chadic: *syam- (< *siHam-) 'leg'

South Cushitic: *caʔam- 'foot'

Notes: To WCh cf. an alternative parallel: Sem. *ʕat_̣m- 'bone' SED 25.

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: smʕ (pyr)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'leg (of falcon)'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *Hwa-cim-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'leg' 1, 'foot' 2

Warji: sma-kai 2 [Gowers]

Kariya: cuma-kǝ {SkNb]

Diri: ášǝ̀mà1 [Sk]

Pa'a: cim-un 1[Sk]

Siri: cuma 1 [Sk]

Mburku: cǝma 1 [Sk]

Jimi: assam 2 [CLR:220]

Polchi: asǝm, asǝn 1 {Kr N 55]

Mangas: wasǝm 2 [Cs]

Kir: wasǝm 1 [CLR:220]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *siyam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'leg'

Lame: šɛ̀m [Kr: 197]

Peve: šem [Kr: 205]

Zime-Batna: sém [Sa]

Mesme: sem [Kr: 215]

Banana: sìyèma [Kr: 178]

Notes: *siyam- < *siHam-, met. Note C 12 *sem 'foot, leg' [Sy: 51].

South Cushitic etymology :

Proto-South Cushitic: *caʔam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: foot

Ma'a (Mbugu): ku-saʔame Tak Ms 1

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *ʔcVŋu

Meaning: bone, horn

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *CǝCʔɨaŋ

Austroasiatic meaning: bone

Munda parallels: Khar ʒaŋ bone

Miao-Yao parallels: *chuŋ.C bone

Proto-Austronesian: *suŋu

Austronesian meaning: horn

Austronesian code: not in B

References: P-164; Ja 69, Peiros 1998, 158, 164.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ʔɨaŋ

Meaning: bone

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Presyllable: CǝC-

Proto-Katuic: *ha:ŋ

Proto-Bahnaric: *tiǝŋ V?

Khmer: chǝʔɨŋ V?

Proto-Pearic: *lɔ:ŋ.N V?

Proto-Vietic: *sɨǝŋ

Proto-Palaungic: *ʔa:ŋ

Proto-Khmu: *ʔa:ŋ

Khasi: sh'ieŋ bone

Proto-Aslian: *ʒǝʔaŋ

References: Kh 734

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *ha:ŋ

Meaning: bone

Presyllable: CǝN-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *ha:ŋ

Proto-East Katuic: *ha:ŋ

References: P-104; TK5.3

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *ha:ŋ

Meaning: bone

Presyllable: N-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: ŋha:ŋ

Bru Van Keu meaning: bone

So: nkha:ŋ.N

So meaning: bone

Bru: ŋha:ŋ.N

Bru meaning: bone

Sou: haha:ŋ

Kui: ŋha:ŋ.N

Kui meaning: bone

Kuay: ŋha:ŋ.N

Kuay meaning: bone

Ngeu: ha:ŋ

Ngeu meaning: bone

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *ha:ŋ

Meaning: bone

Presyllable: ŋ- / #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: ŋha:ŋ

Pakoh meaning: bone

Taojh: ŋha:ŋ

Taojh meaning: bone (PT-215)

Lao Katu: ha:ŋ

Lao Katu meaning: bone

Ngeq: nha:ŋ

Ngeq meaning: bone

Chatong: ŋha:ŋ

Kantu dialects: ʔaŋha:ŋ

Triw: ʔiha:ŋ

Dakkan dialects (1): ʔǝha:ŋ

Dakkan dialects (2): hǝha:ŋ

Dakkan meaning: bone

Katu dialects (1): ŋha:ŋ

Katu dialects (2): ŋha:ŋ

Katu dialects (3): ŋha:ŋ

Katu dialects (4): ŋha:ŋ

Katu meaning: bone

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *tiǝŋ

Meaning: bone

Presyllable: kǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: kǝti:ŋ

Bahnar meaning: bone

Proto-North Bahnaric: *se:ŋ.L, kǝ-

Proto-South Bahnaric: *ti:ŋ, CǝN-

Proto-West Bahnaric: *tɨǝŋ, kǝ-/gǝr-

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *tiǝŋ, Hǝ-/kǝ-

Harak: kati:ŋ

References: PNB, JS-882, TB5.3

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *se:ŋ.L, kǝ-

Meaning: bone

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: kǝse:ŋ.L

Rengao meaning: bone

Jeh form: kǝsiaŋ.L

Jeh meaning: bone

Sedang form: kǝsiaŋ.L

Sedang meaning: bone

Hre form: kǝsɛń.L

Hre meaning: bone

Mo'dra: kǝseŋ.L

Didra: kǝseŋ.L

References: PNB, GS-98

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *ti:ŋ, CǝN-

Meaning: bone

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: nti:ŋ

Chrau meaning: bone

Stieng form: tiŋ

Stieng meaning: bone

References: SBS-288

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *tɨǝŋ, gǝr-

Meaning: bone

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: kǝtɨǝŋ

Jaru meaning: bone

Lavi: katɨǝŋ

Juk: kati:ŋ

Nhaheung form: grɨǝŋ

Nhaheung meaning: bone

Brao form: kǝdɨ:ŋ

Brao meaning: bone

References: JS-882

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *tiǝŋ, Hǝ-/kǝ-

Meaning: bone

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: tiǝŋ

Kaseng: ʔǝtiǝŋ

Yaeh: kriǝŋ

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *tiǝŋ, hǝ-/kǝ-

Meaning: bone

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: kati:ŋ

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: chǝʔɨŋ

Meaning: bone

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: cǝʔiŋ

Old Khmer Meaning: bone

References: P149, JP70

Pearic etymology :

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *sɨǝŋ

Meaning: bone

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: xu'o'ng

Thomon: sɨǝŋ.43

Tum: siaŋ.45

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *ʔa:ŋ

Meaning: bone

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *ʔaŋ

Proto-Plang: *ʔaŋ

Proto-De'ang: *ʔa:ŋ

Riang: ʔaŋ.1, cn-

Riang meaning: bone

Proto-Angku: *ʔa:ŋ

Lamet: ʔa:ŋ , sŋ- bone

Danaw: kǝnâŋ.4 bone < *ʔâŋ, kǝn

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa:

Meaning: bone

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: ʔaŋ, si-

Paraok meaning: bone

Wa: ʔaŋ

Wa meaning: bone

Ava: ʔaŋ, si-

Lawa: ʔaŋ, sǝ-

Lawa meaning: bone

Um: ʔaŋ, sa-

Wa (dial.): ʔaŋ.1, siʔ.1-

Wa (dial.) meaning: bone

References: D-123: *sʔaŋ

Plang etymology :

Proto-Plang: *ʔaŋ

Meaning: bone

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Bulang: ʔaŋ.1, kaʔ.4-

Bulang meaning: bone

Bulang-1: sa.31 ʔaŋ.33

Bulang-1 meaning: bone

Konto: ʔaŋ.1, sǝ-

Konto meaning: bone

Samtao (Paulsen): ʔaŋ.1

Samtao (Paulsen) meaning: bone

Samtao (Diffloth): ʔaŋ.1, s-

Samtao (Diffloth) meaning: bone

References: P-138: *Cǝʔaŋ.1

De'ang etymology :

Proto-De'ang: *ʔa:ŋ

Meaning: bone

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

De'ang: kǝʔa:ŋ

De'ang-1: kaʔa:ŋ

De'ang-2: kaʔa:ŋ.2

Rumai: kǝ.55 aŋ.412 'seed'

Angku etymology :

Proto-Angku: *ʔa:ŋ

Meaning: bone

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Pangpin: ʔaŋ.51

Shuangdiang: sa.31 ʔaŋ.51

Gantang: ʔaŋ.51

Yongde: ʔaŋ.51

Mang'an: si.55 aŋ.51

U: ʔaŋ.1

Hu: ʔaŋ.2

Huq: ka.0 aŋ.33

Khamet: a:ŋ.31

Khme: ʔaŋ.51

References: WW-270; S-115

Aslian etymology :

Proto-Aslian: *ʒǝʔa:ŋ

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Meaning: bone

Semelai: ʒǝʔaŋ

Semoq Beri: ʒaʔaŋ

Kensiw: ʔijeŋ

Jahai: ʒǝʔeŋ

Jah-Hut: ʒǝʔaŋ

Semai: ʒʔa:kŋ

Temiar: ʒǝʔa:k

Total pages generated Pages generated by this script 834365 4119548	Help
StarLing database server Powered by CGI scripts Copyright 1998-2003 by S. Starostin Copyright 1998-2003 by G. Bronnikov Copyright 2005-2014 by Phil Krylov