North Caucasian etymology : List with all references

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North Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-North Caucasian: *kɨ̆rt(w)V̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: enclosure

Proto-Nakh: *kart

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *kartV ( ~ -o-)

Proto-West Caucasian: *kVtV

Notes: A cultural Wanderwort, present, beside Caucasian languages, in Osset. (kärt 'yard', most probably borrowed from Nakh; on Osset. kät see above), Fenno-Ugric (Khant. karta, Mans. karda 'door', Hung. kert 'enclosure' etc.), Kartvelian (Georg. dial. karta, Megr. karta 'enclosure for cattle'), IE *ghordh-. See Shagirov 1,128, Abayev 1, 586-587.

caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,

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Nakh etymology :

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Proto-Nakh: *kart

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fence, yard

Chechen: kert

Ingush: kart

Comments: Obl. base *karte- (Chech. kerta-, Ing. karto) had influenced the vowel of the direct base in Chech. 4th class in both languages.

nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-comment,

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Avar-Andian etymology :

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Protoform: *kartV ( ~ -o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 enclosure, pen 2 place for meeting, godeḳan

Avar: kort 2 (Gid.)

Godoberi: ḱarti 1

Comments: Perhaps we should reconstruct the original Av.-And. form with labialisation, like *kʷVrtV or *kVrtʷV: this is suggested by an old loanword from Avar (or from some Andian language) - Inkh. kʷerti "godeḳan". Unfortunately, the word is badly recorded (although it no doubt exists in many languages and dialects).

aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,

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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

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Proto-West-Caucasian: *kVtV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 village 2 sheep-fold

Abkhaz: a-kǝ́ta 1

Abaza: kǝt 1

Adyghe: č́at 2

Kabardian: čat 2

Comments: PAT *kǝtV; PAK *kátǝ. The semantic correlation ('village' - 'sheep-fold') points to the original meaning 'enclosure'. Osset. (Dig.) kät 'an open outhouse close to the sheep-fold', despite Abayev 1,590, is probably borrowed from Adygh.

abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-comment,

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ḳǝ̆rtwV̆́

Meaning: enclosure

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *kɨ̆rt(w)V̆

Sino-Tibetan: *khʷăt

Comments and references : HGC 31.

sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-notes,

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *khʷăt

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: door or space in front of house

Chinese: 闕 *khʷat look-out tower over gate, gate.

Tibetan: bkad(-sa) a bake-house, kitchen; open hall or shed, created on festive occasions.

Burmese: khat to fence.

Kachin: khat² an outer passage, 'back-door'.

Lushai: kot a place or space in front of a house.

stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,

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Chinese characters :

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Character: 闕

Modern (Beijing) reading: quē què

Preclassic Old Chinese: khʷat

Classic Old Chinese: khwat

Western Han Chinese: khwat

Eastern Han Chinese: khwat

Early Postclassic Chinese: khwat

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khwǝt

Late Postclassic Chinese: khwǝt

Middle Chinese: khwǝt

English meaning : look-out tower over gate; a hole

Russian meaning[s]: недоставать; лакуна; пропуск; вакансия; оставить пустым, пропустить; [què] 1) ворота дворца; дворец; перен. император; 2) сторожевая вышка; 3) Цюе (фамилия)

Comments: Also used for a homonymous *khʷat 'shortcoming, defect, defective'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 169

Four-angle index: 3424

Karlgren code: 0301 h

bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,

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Long-range etymologies :

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Borean (approx.) : KVRTV

Meaning : enclosure

Eurasiatic : *gVrdV

Sino-Caucasian : *ḳǝ̆rtwV̆́

globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-scc,

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Nostratic etymology :

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Eurasiatic: *gVrdV

Meaning: enclosure

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *ghArdh-

Uralic: ? *karta 'door, enclosure' (Khant., Mans., Hung.)

Dravidian: *gaṛ-[Vd-] (?)

References: ND 677 *gärdV 'encircle, surround, fence' (IE + Sem.?).

nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,

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Indo-European etymology :

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Proto-IE: *ghArdh-

Meaning: court, yard

Tokharian: B kerccī (pl. t.) 'palace' (Adams 196)

Old Indian: gr̥há- m. `house, habitation, home'

Avestan: gǝrǝδa- m. 'Höhle als Behausung daevischen Wesen'

Slavic: *gordъ

Baltic: *gar̃d-a- c.

Germanic: *gard-a- m., *gard-i- c., *gird-ō f.; *gurd-ia- vb., *gurd-a- m., *gurd-il-a- m., -ō f.

Albanian: gardh, pl. -e m. 'fence'

Russ. meaning: двор, подворье

References: WP I 608 f

Comments: Contaminates with *g( ́)hort-.

piet-meaning,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-alb,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-comment,

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Vasmer's dictionary :

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Word: го́род,

Near etymology: мн. города́, укр. го́род, ст.-слав. градъ "πόλις, κῆπος", болг. градъ́т, сербохорв. гра̑д, словен. grȃd, чеш. hrad, польск. gród, в.-луж. hród, н.-луж. grod, кашуб. gard, полаб. gord.

Further etymology: Родственно лит. gar̃das "ограда", местн. н. Gar̃damas, Gar̃dinas, лит. gardinỹs "хлев для мелкого скота" (Буга, РФВ 70, 248), жем. gardìs, вин. gar̃dį "решетчатый борт воза", др.-инд. gr̥hás "дом", авест. gǝrǝδō "пещера", алб. garth, -dhi "забор", гот. gards "дом", др.-исл. gerði "огороженный участок земли", тохар. В kerciye "дворец" (из *ghordhi̯om), фриг. Manegordum, Manezordum "город Манеса" (Кречмер, Einl. 231 и сл.), возм., также греч. κορθίλαι ̇ σύστροφοι, σωροί; κορθίλας καὶ κόρθιν ̇ τούς σωροὺς καὶ την συστροφήν; см. Лиден, Tochar. Stud. 21 и сл.; Г. Майер, Alb. Wb. 119 и сл.; Бернекер 1, 330; М. -- Э. 1, 618; Торп 129; Траутман, BSW 78 и сл.; Кипарский 103. Связано чередованием гласных с го́род и жердь. Наряду с этим и.-е. ĝh представлено в лтш. zardi мн., др.-прусск. sardis "забор", см. также озоро́д. Заимствование го́род и родственных из гот. garþs невероятно, вопреки Зубатому (AfslPh 16, 421), Уленбеку (AfslPh 15, 487), Хирту (РВВ 23, 333), Фику (ВВ 17, 321 и сл.) и др. О дальнейших отношениях к греч. χόρτος, лат. hortus см. Цупица, KZ 37, 389.

Pages: 1,443

vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,

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Baltic etymology :

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Proto-Baltic: *gar̃d-a- c.

Meaning: enclosure, pen

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: gar̃da-s `Pferch, in den im Sommer das Weidevieh hineingetrieben wird, Hürde'

baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,

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Germanic etymology :

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Proto-Germanic: *garda-z, *gardi-z, *girdō; *gurdian- vb., *gurda-z, *gurdila-z, -ō

Meaning: yard

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: gard-s m (i) `house, family'; gɛrda f. (n) `girdle'

Old Norse: garδ-r m. `Zaun, Hof, Garten', gerδ, gjɔrδ f. `Umfriedigung, Einhegung; Gürtel'; { gürδa vb. } { gürδil-l }

Norwegian: gar(d); gjord

Swedish: gɔrd; gjord; gördel

Danish: gɔrd; gjord

Old English: geard, -es m. `inclosure, inclosed place, yard, garden, court, dwelling, home, region, land'; gyrdan; gyrdel

English: yard, girdle, gird

Old Saxon: gard `ingesloten ruimte', pl. `hof, huis'

Middle Dutch: boom-gaert m.; gorden; gordel, gurdel

Dutch: gaard m.; { gorden; gordel }

Middle Low German: gā̆rd; gorde; görden; gördel, gordel

Old High German: gart m. `Garten, Kreis' (9.Jh.); -gart (mittil-gart `orbis', heim-gart `forum'); gurten (9.Jh.); gurtil (8.Jh.), gurtila (11.Jh.)

Middle High German: gurt st. m., gürtel st. m., st./wk. f. 'gürtel'; gürten, gurten wk. 'gürten, umgürten; dem pferde den gurt anlegen'

German: Gürtel m., Gurt m.

germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-got,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,

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Pokorny's dictionary :

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Number: 662

Root: ĝherdh- und gherdh-

English meaning: to encircle, enclose

German meaning: `umfassen, umzäunen, umgürten'

General comments: wegen lat. hortus (s. ĝher-4) Erweiterung von *ĝher-4 `fassen';

Derivatives: ghordho-s `Gehege'

Material: A. gherdh- (hier auch die über den ursprüngl. Anlaut nichts entscheidenden Worte der Kentumsprachen):

Ai. gr̥há- (*gr̥dhá-) `Haus, Wohnstätte', Pl. `Gemächer', av. gǝrǝða- m. `Höhle als Behausungdaevischer Wesen' (eine ältere Bedeutung `Haus, Wohnung' wird durch fiugr. Lehnworte, wie wotj. gurt `Wohnplatz, Dorf', syrjän. gort `Haus, Wohnung' und `unterirdische Wohnung, Gruft, Grab', erwiesen);

alb. garth, -dhi `Hecke' (*ghordhos, Jokl Slavia 13, 297ff.);

phryg. -gordum `Stadt' in Manegordum `Mannesstadt' (daneben Manezordum);

gr. (bei Hes.) κορθίς σωρός, κορθέλαι σύστροφοι, σωροί;

got. bigaírdan `umgurten', aisl. gyrða, ags. gyrdan, afries. gerda, ahd. gurten ds.; got. gaírda f., aisl. gjǫrð `Gürtel', ablaut, aisl. gyrðell, ags. gyrdel, afries. gerdel, ahd. gurtil(a) ds. (mhd. gurt ist nomen postverbale); got. gards m. `Haus', aisl. garðr m. `Zaun, Gehege, Hof, Gehöft', ags. geard, as. gard `eingefriedetes Grundstück', Plur. `Wohnung', ahd. gart m. `Kreis' in mittilgart `orbis', heimgart `forum' usw.; got. garda `Hürde, Viehhof', afries. garda `Garten', as. gardo, ahd. garto ds. (oder aus idg. *ĝhor-tó-; vgl. χόρτος unter ĝher-4);

lit. gar̃das m. `Pferch', gardìs f. `Gatter, Gitter';

slav. *gordъ in aksl. gradъ `Burg, Stadt, Garten', russ.-ksl. ogradъ `Garten' (davon aksl. graždь m. `Stall'), russ. górod `Stadt', bulg. gradъ, skr. grȁd, sloven. grâd ds., čech. hrad `Burg, Schloß', poln. gród ds.; tiefstuf. slav. žьrdь in aksl. žrьdь `Holz', russ. žerdь `lange, dünne Stange', poln. żerdź, sloven. žr̂d `Wiesbaum';

toch. В kercīyeⁿ `Palast' bleibt fern (Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 34f.);

hitt. gurtas `Festung' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 139)?; s. auch ĝher-4.

über lat. urbs `Stadt', angeblich aus *ghordhos, s. Georgiev IF. 56, 200.

B. ĝherdh-:

Phryg. -zordum `Stadt' (in Manezordum, s. oben);

lit. žárdas `Gestell zum Trocknen von Korn oder Flachssaat, Viehhürde', lett. zãrds `Gestell zum Trocknen, Holzschicht, Scheiterhaufen', mit Intonationswechsel lit. žar̃dis `Roßgarten' m., pr. sardis `Zaun' (= `ungezäunter Roßgarten');

russ. zoród `Scheuer, Schober', weißruss. azoród `Darrhürde'.

References: WP. I 608 f., WH. I 242 f., Trautmann 78 f., 366.

Pages: 444

PIE database: PIE database

pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-comments,pokorny-derivative,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,

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Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-Dravidian : *gaẓ-[Vd-]

Meaning : paddy field

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *gaẓ-[Vd-]

Proto-Telugu : *gaḍḍ-

Proto-North Dravidian : *gadā

dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-ndr,

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South Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-South Dravidian : *gaẓ-[Vd-]

Meaning : field

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kaẓan_i

Tamil meaning : field, paddyfield, mud

Malayalam : kaẓani

Malayalam meaning : mire, ricefield

Kannada : gaṇṇa

Kannada meaning : a division of paddy-land, a paddy-field

Kannada derivates : gaẓde (inscr.), garde, gadde field, esp. paddyfield; (Hav.) gedde field

Tulu : kaṇḍo, gaṇṇa

Tulu meaning : (B-K.) field

Proto-Nilgiri : *gad (*-ṛǝd)

Number in DED : 1355

sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-kt,sdret-dednum,

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Nilgiri etymology :

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Proto-Nilgiri : *gad (*-ṛǝd)

Meaning : paddyfield

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : gad

Number in DED : 1355

ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-dednum,

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Telugu etymology :

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Proto-Telugu : *gaḍḍ-

Meaning : wet or paddy land

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Inscriptional Telugu : gaḍḍuva-maḍi

Additional forms : Also gaṇḍu-maḍi id.; gaṇḍamu a paddyfield

Number in DED : 1355

telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_inscr,telet-addition,telet-dednum,

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North Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-North-Dravidian : *gadā

Meaning : sediment, alluvium

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : gaddā

Number in DED : 1355

ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-kur,ndret-dednum,

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