Tsezian etymology : List with all references

Proto-Tsezian: *kʷɨrV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hand

Ginukh: kʷezej

Bezhta: kō

Gunzib: koro

Comments: PGB *koro (cf. also Bezht. Tlad. koro), obl. *kɔ̃- (Bezht. ka-, Gunz. kɔ̃-). In PTs there must have coexisted oblique bases *kʷṼ- ( > PGB *kɔ̃-) and *kʷɨrV-z:a- > *kʷɨz:Vra- ( > Gin. kʷezej, kʷezera-); cf. PTs *ƛʷɨrV 'bone' with similar oblique base formation. The old oblique base *kʷṼ (shifted to direct) may be perhaps reflected in Gin. kʷe 'handle'.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *kwīlʡɨ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hand

Proto-Nakh: *ko

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *kʷo-

Proto-Tsezian: *kʷɨrV

Proto-Lak: ka

Proto-Lezghian: *kʷil

Proto-Khinalug: kul

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular. The word often serves as first part of compounds, see under *HɫuŁV̄, *xaɫV, *χĕɫHe. In some cases it is hard to establish the etymology of the compound's second element (because of contractions and irregular transformations): this is the case with Av. Chad. kʷe-ʁ 'mitten', PA *kʷo-χa id., PGB *ko-sa (Gunz., Bezht. kosa) id.; Lak. kaṭa (Khosr. kʷaṭa; > Arch. kʷaṭi) 'glove', Darg. Chir. kuṭa 'mitten' (probably also < Lak.). Darg. preserves the root only within the compound *kʷi-leχ:a 'bracelet' (see under *lĕχ_V).

Despite several attempts (Trubetzkoy 1930, Abdokov 1983) no secure WC parallels for this root can be observed.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ko

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hand

Chechen: küg

Ingush: kulg

Batsbi: ko

Comments: The PN paradigm should be probably reconstructed as *ko (Bacb. ko, Chech., Ing. ka with vowel levelling - but cf. also Ing. ko 'handle', perhaps preserving the old direct stem), *kar- (cf. Chech. kara, Ing. kara "into one's hands", Bacb. obl. base with vowel levelling kor-). The stem ka is now preserved in Chech.-Ing. only in compounds, being replaced by a former diminutive *ku-leḳ (Ing. kulg) / *ku-ʔiḳ (Chech. küg, kǖga-). 3d class in Chech., Ing.

Nakh *kuʔiḳ > Osset. ḳūx / ḳox 'hand', see Abayev 1958, 644.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *kʷo-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hand 2 in the hands 3 sleeve 4 mitten 5 handle

Avar: kʷer 1

Chadakolob: kʷer 1

Andian language: kʷo 5

Akhvakh: kʷa-ʎala 4

Chamalal: kʷa-di 2

Tindi: kʷa-ji 2

Botlikh: kʷa-du 2

Godoberi: kʷa-χa 3

Comments: Avar. paradigm A (kʷér-zul, kʷéra-l; Chad. kʷér-dul, kʷéra-l). Outside Avar the pure root has been preserved only in Andian (kʷo 'handle'); all other languages reflect an original locative form *kʷo-dV "in the hand(s)" ( = Av. ko-dó-b), as well as the compounds *kʷo-χ:al (cf. also Tind. kʷaχ:al "sleeve", Cham. kʷaχa id.) and *kʷo-ʎala (cf. also God. kʷaʎala "sleeve", And. kʷo-ʎir 'mitten'.). The form *kʷor- (with the original liquid) is preserved in the common Andian compound *kʷor-q̇:in 'bracelet' (And. kʷorq̇:in, Akhv. kʷãq̇:e, Cham. kʷaq̇:ĩ, Gig. koq̇:in, Tind. kʷaq̇:an); cf. also *kʷor-xVn 'bracelet' reflected in Av. kúrxen (Chad. with assimilation xúrxin). From Avar the latter word was borrowed in And. kurxen, Akhv. x:ux:i, Botl., Kar. kʷarxin, and, probably, Lak. kuIrš:an ( < *kuIrx:an) 'ring'. The second components in *kʷor-q̇:in and *kʷor-xVn are not yet clear.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ka

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hand

Lak form: ka

Comments: 4th class, obl. base ka-ni-. Cf. Khosr. kʷa. A derivate is Lak. kaniš, Khosr. kʷaniš 'braclet' (cf. the obl. base kʷani-) - borrowed in Arch. kʷeniši, Ag. kʷaniš.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *kʷil

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hand 2 branch,cluster 3 elbow 4 switch, vine

Lezghian: kul 2

Tabasaran: kül-er 4

Agul: kul 2 (Burk.)

Rutul: kül-äg 3

Archi: kul 1

Udi: kul 1

Comment: The original meaning 'hand' is preserved in Ud. and Arch. (also in the Rut. derivate), while in the rest of languages it shifted to 'branch'. In Arch. the word is characterized by a unique (and as yet unexplained) alternation -l-/-r- (cf. the oblique stem kura-, pl. kur-ʁul). The PL obl. stem had been *kʷilɨ- (to judge from Ag. kulu-). The word belongs to the 4th class in Rut. and Arch. Cf. also Ud. köj 'sleeve' (a derived form < *kʷil(V)j-).

See Trubetzkoy 1930, 86; Лексика 1971, 124; Гигинейшвили 1977, 69, 80; Талибов 1980, 288.

Khinalug etymology :

Khinalug root: kul

North Caucasian etymology: 268

Meaning: hand

Khinalug form: kul

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *kwīlʡɨ́

Meaning: hand, elbow

North Caucasian: *kwīlʡɨ

Sino-Tibetan: *Kru

Comments and references : Different in WFR 26, BCD 24. See notes under *χV̆ɫHe. Cf. PND *k'ial-eʔ 'arm, leg'?

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Kru

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: elbow

Tibetan: khru cubit (from elbow to end of middle finger), gru-mo elbow.

Lepcha: kjŭ a measure of about a span

Comments: Trung kru¹-mu¹ arm; Kanauri kru-tś; Thebor kru elbow. Sh. 133.