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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *qʷɨq (~-i-,- ̃-)
Meaning: 1 throat 2 crop, craw
Tsezi: qeIq 1
Ginukh: qʷaq 1,2
Khvarshi: qeqʷa (Radzhibov)
Comments: PTsKh *qʷɨIq (~- ̃-). We probably should relate here (supposing irregular changes in an expressive stem) PGB *ʁɔʁ 'crop, craw' (Gunz. ʁɔʁ, Bezht. ʁaʁ).
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-comment,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *GwVnG_wV
Meaning: throat, larynx
Notes: An expressive reduplicated stem (cf. also PNC *ɦŏmG_wi), reconstructed for the PEC level. Pharyngealisation in PL is perhaps expressive.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *q̇amʔar-iḳ
Meaning: throat, larynx
Chechen: q̇amq̇arg
Ingush: q̇amarg
Comments: 4th class in Chech. and Ing. The stem contains a frequent PN diminutive suffix *-iḳ.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *q̇:ʷanq̇:ʷa
Meaning: gullet
Andian language: q̇:ʷanq̇:ʷa
Chamalal: q̇:ʷaq̇:a
Tindi: q̇:ʷanq̇:ʷala
Karata: q̇:ʷanq̇:ʷa
Bagvalal: q̇:unq̇:u
Godoberi: q̇:ʷanq̇:ʷaṭil
Comments: Cf. also Cham. U.-Gakv. q̇:ũq̇a. The God. form is a compound with some unclear second component.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-and,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-bgv,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *q:umq:um
Meaning: crop, craw
Chiragh: q:umq:um
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-chr,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *qI:äq̇I:ʷ
Meaning: 1 craw, goitre 2 throat, larynx 3 top (of boot)
Lezghian: qüq:-üm 1
Tabasaran: q̇iq̇ 2
Agul: q̇Iaq̇ 2
Archi: q̇Iaq̇:Ii 3
Udi: q:iʁ (Nidzh.) 2
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Akht. q:üq:üm 'craw, goitre'. In Tab. and Ag. (cf. also Tab. Düb. q̇iq̇i, Ag. Bursh. q̇iq̇, Burk. q̇eq̇) the root means both 'throat' and 'top (of boot)'. Some irregularities (notably, the loss of glottalization in Lezg. and the weak reflex -q̇ in Ag. and Tab.) are explained by the roots reduplicated and expressive nature.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-arc,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *[G]wV́nGwV̄
Meaning: neck
Comments and references : HGC 21, LDC 19, FDCP 2. DCE 6 adds also Bur. -qhóquṭ `crop, gizzard; larynx' (one of the Bur. reflexes can in fact go back to *xq̇arV́ / *xq̇axq̇arV́ q.v.) sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *qɨāŋ
Meaning: neck
Tibetan: goŋ-ba collar.
Lushai: oŋ the crop (of a bird)), KC *hō̆ŋ neck.
Comments: Midzhu hoŋ; Digaro pa-haŋ. Sh. 182, 189.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-lush,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 亢
Modern (Beijing) reading: kàng
Preclassic Old Chinese: kāŋ
Classic Old Chinese: kāŋ
Western Han Chinese: kāŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: kāŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: kāŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kāŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: kāŋ
Middle Chinese: kâŋ
English meaning : neck, throat [since Han]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) гордый; высокомерный, надменный; 2) весьма, крайне; слишком; 3) Кан (фамилия); [gāng] шея; горло
Radical: 8
Four-angle index: 7682
Karlgren code: 0698 a
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *kǝqǝnt-
Meaning: neck, collar
Ket: kъ̄qtɨ1, South. kъ̄qt; pl. kʌqtan5 "neck, collar"
Yug: kъxtɨ1, pl. kʌxtɨnɨŋ5
Kottish: agántan, *agantán, pl. -tanaŋ "collar"
Comments: ССЕ 237. Werner 1, 475 <*kǝqtǝ>; the reconstruction *kǝqǝnt- is commented as "diese Rekonstruktion geht eher vom kot. Wort aus" - which is completely true.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *qoqó
Meaning: crop, goitre
Yasin: qoqó
Hunza: ɣuqú
Nagar: ɣuqú
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *gonga-r̄
Meaning: 1 windpipe, trachea 2 esophagus
Gipuzkoan: gangar 2
Baztanese: gongar 1
Comments: The GIP form is probably by vowel assimilation (umlaut).
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-gip,basqet-bzt,basqet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVNKV
Meaning : neck, collar
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *kVŋkV
Meaning: upper part of chest, collarbone
References: Дыбо 1989, 1996
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *kekŋV
Meaning: breast, chest, ribs
Russian meaning: грудь, ребра
Comments: Дыбо 307, Лексика 232, 276. A Western isogloss. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *gEgrek
Meaning: lower soft ribs
Russian meaning: нижние мягкие ребра
Turkish: geɣrek
Turkmen: gejrek
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-trk,turcet-trm,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *keŋgir-
Meaning: chest
Russian meaning: грудь
Written Mongolian: keŋgirdeg
Khalkha: xenxerceg, xenxreg
Kalmuck: keŋgrtǝg, keŋkrdǝg
Comments: KW 226. Mong. > Man. keŋgeri, Sol. xeŋer (see Doerfer MT 138); Kirgh. keŋirdek. monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-kal,monget-dag,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *keŋ-tire
Meaning: 1 breast, chest 2 side (of body)
Russian meaning: 1 грудь 2 бок
Evenki: keŋtire 1
Even: kēntъre 1
Nanai: keŋtere 1
Udighe: keŋte 2
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-nan,tunget-ude,tunget-reference,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 447
Proto: *kOŋkV
English meaning: throat, Adam's apple
German meaning: Kehle, Gurgel, Adamsapfel
Saam (Lapp): guog'gom ~ guog'gŏmâs (N) 'larynx, Adam's apple', kuokkōi (L) 'Kehlkopf', kī̮ŋg`ɛ (T) 'Adamsapfel' ?
Khanty (Ostyak): kö̆ŋli (Vj.), kŏŋḷi̮ (Trj.), kȯ̆wǝl (J), kŏŋlȧj (Ko.) 'Adamsapfel' ?
Nenets (Yurak): χuŋkū (ō), kiŋkū (Nj.) 'Luftröhre'
Nganasan (Tawgi): küŋgüd́a 'Kehle'
Kamass: (kongo 'Schlüsselbein' - rejected by Redei)
Addenda: Mot. konfi 'горло'; En Sk uŋkyr
Yukaghir parallels: !
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-saa,uralet-khn,uralet-nen,uralet-nga,uralet-kam,uralet-add,uralet-yuk,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷann- ~ *g(ʷ)Vng(ʷ)Vn-
Meaning: neck and chest; (upper) torso, body
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-sho,afaset-lec,afaset-omo,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 2587
Proto-Semitic: *g(ʷ)ann- ~ *ga/inga/in-
Meaning: breastbone; side of body
Arabic: ǧanǧan-, ǧanǧan-(at-), ǧinǧin- 'os de la poitrine, sternum, bréchet' [BK 1 337] (redupl.)
Tigre: gǝnne 'breast-piece, shoulder piece (meat of the especially good pieces)' [LH 587]. Also 'piece of fat meat between the forelegs of the cow (much liked); breast-callus of the camel' [ibid. 588]
Amharic: gʷänn 'flank, side (of the body from armpit to hip)' [K 2001]. According to Leslau, the same as gʷädǝn do. [LGur 267]
Gafat: gʷanä 'côte, vertèbre' [LGaf 203]
East Ethiopic: SEL gon 'side of body, place, side' [LGur 280]
Gurage: GOG SOD gʷän 'side of body, place, side' [LGur 280]. Leslau seems to suggest the origin of this GUR and AMH roots from gʷädin 'rib' [ibid. 264] with assimilation of d to n, which looks unlikely, especially in view of the comparative data
Notes: Cf. ETH EAST: SEL wägän 'side, direction' (also 'tribe, clan') [LGur 1 1025], WOL wägän 'side' [ibid. 1229], GUR: MUH wägän 'side' [ibid. I 946], SOD wägän 'side, direction' (also 'relatives') [ibid. 1111]; metathetically related to the present root or to *gu/in-, *ʔ/wVgVn- 'cheek-bone', No. ). Leslau unites all these (and GOG wägän 'tribe, clan' [ibid. 610]) under one heading 'side, direction, tribe, clan, relatives' [LGur 647]; the shift of meaning implied remains to be explained
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-ara,semet-tgr,semet-amh,semet-gaf,semet-east,semet-gur,semet-notes,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *gwan-
Meaning: 'neck'
Fali Gili: gona
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-fag,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *gun(gun)-
Meaning: 'occiput'
Somrai: gǝ̀gǝ̀né [Jg]
Tumak: gun kùmú [Cp]
Ndam: dà-gǝ̀n [JgD]
Lele: tû-gná [Grg]
Notes: Cf. also Somr gen-úm 'your buttocks' (Arsch) [Lk: 78].
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-smr,echet-tum,echet-ndm,echet-lle,echet-notes,
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Saho-Afar etymology :
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Proto-Saho-Afar: *gin-
Meaning: 'Gestalt; Form; Körper'
Saho: ginaa
Afar (Danakil): ginaa
Notes: Rein.
shoet-prnum,shoet-meaning,shoet-saho,shoet-afar,shoet-notes,
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Low East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-Low East Cushitic: *gon-
Meaning: 'body'
Dasenech (Geleba): Elmolo gôn
lecet-prnum,lecet-meaning,lecet-gel,
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Omotic etymology :
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Proto-Omotic: *gonn-
Meaning: 'nape'
Ometo: gonno
omoet-prnum,omoet-meaning,omoet-ome,
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