Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *mɨc A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongue

Tsezi: mec

Ginukh: mec

Khvarshi: mec

Inkhokvari: mɨc

Bezhta: mic

Gunzib: mɨc

Comments: PTsKh *mɨc; PGB *mɨc.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *mĕlc̣_ĭ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongue

Proto-Nakh: *moṭṭ

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *mic̣:i

Proto-Tsezian: *mɨc A

Proto-Lak: maz

Proto-Dargwa: *mec:/*lec:mi

Proto-Lezghian: *melc:

Proto-Khinalug: mic̣

Proto-West Caucasian: *bǝźA

Notes: A common NC root with perfect correspondences. See Trubetzkoy 1930, 277; Abdokov 1983, 78.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *moṭṭ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongue

Chechen: mott

Ingush: mott

Batsbi: moṭṭ

Comments: Obl. base *maṭṭi- (cf. Chech. metta-, Ing. metto). 6th class in all languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *mic̣:i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongue

Avar: mac̣:

Chadakolob: mac̣

Andian language: mic̣:i

Akhvakh: mic̣:i

Chamalal: miṣ

Tindi: mic:i

Karata: mac̣:i

Botlikh: mic̣:i

Bagvalal: mic̣:

Godoberi: mic:i

Comments: Av. paradigm C (mac̣:álzul/mac̣:í-l, mác̣:a-l). Not quite clear is the -a- vowel in Kar. (cf. also Masht., Chab. marc̣:i - with preservation of the old Inlaut resonant?).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: maz

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongue

Lak form: maz

Comments: 3d class.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *mec:/*lec:mi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongue

Akusha: lezmi, mez

Chiragh: mec:

Comments: The Darg. dialects reflect two forms: *mec: and *lec:mi/*lemc:i which are obviously old dialectal variations of a single stem *melc:(i) (regularly > *mec:; with metathesis > *lec:mi/*lemc:i). Cf., on one hand, Chir. mec:, Ak. mez, Ur. miʒ, Gapsh. mec; on the other - Ak. lezmi, Kad. limzi, Mek. liʒmi, Sirg. liʒme, Kait. luc:umi, Kharb., Tsud. limc:i. In some dialects the two forms coexist (cf. the Ak. situation, and also Kub. muc:ul / mic, Tsud. limc:i / mec). This all is due to intensive dialectal mixture within Darg. (see also notes to *lāmV 'lick').

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *melc:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongue

Lezghian: mez

Tabasaran: melz

Agul: mez

Rutul: miz

Tsakhur: miz

Kryz: mez

Budukh: mez

Archi: mac

Udi: muz

Comment: Oblique base *melc:e-, cf. Lezg. mec:i-, Rut. mizi-, Tsakh. mize-. 3d class in all class-distinguishing languages.

    See Бокарев 1961, 59; Лексика 1971, 127; Гигинейшвили 1977, 70, 84; Талибов 1980, 293.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *bǝźA

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 tongue 2 language

Abkhaz: á-bz 1

Abaza: bzǝ 1

Adyghe: bza 2

Kabardian: bza 2

Ubykh: bźa 1

Comments: PAT *bǝzǝ (cf. also Bz. á-bz). PAK *bza 'language'; in the meaning 'tongue' PAK employed a compound *bza-gʷǝ́ (lit. 'tongue's center') > Ad. bzagʷǝ, Kab. bzagʷ. In Ub. the variants bźa and bza coexist, the latter being obviously loaned from AK.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *mĕ́ɫc̣ĭ

Meaning: tongue

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *mĕlc̣_ĭ

Sino-Tibetan: *lăj(H) ( / *lăt; m-)

Burushaski: *-júmus (?*juŋus)

Basque: *minhi

Comments and references : HGC 23, LV A18.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lăj(H) ( / *lăt; m-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongue

Chinese: 舐 *lajʔ (~-eʔ) to lick; 舌 *lat tongue.

Tibetan: lće tongue; blade; flame.

Burmese: hlja tongue, LB *s-lja.

Kachin: šiŋlet² the tongue, (H) lai id.

Lushai: lei tongue, KC *m-lei.

Lepcha: lí, a-lí the tongue

Comments: PG *lè; Mikir de; BG: Garo sre, Dimasa salai; Namsangia thali; Kham sē; Kanauri le; Rgyarung smi; Rawang phǝlɛ, Trung pǝ³-lăi²; Vayu li; Newari me ~ mye. Sh. 40, 121, 124, 136, 166, 434; Ben. 64.

Chinese characters :

Character: 舐

Modern (Beijing) reading: shì

Preclassic Old Chinese: lajʔ (~ -eʔ)

Classic Old Chinese: láj

Western Han Chinese: láj

Eastern Han Chinese: źáj

Early Postclassic Chinese: źáj

Middle Postclassic Chinese: źáj

Late Postclassic Chinese: źáj

Middle Chinese: źé

English meaning : to lick

Russian meaning[s]: лизать, вылизывать

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 135

Four-angle index: 6686

Karlgren code: 0867 f

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *-júmus (?*juŋus)

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: tongue

Yasin: -júŋus

Hunza: -úmus

Nagar: -úmus

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *minhi

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tongue

Bizkaian: min, miiñ, miñ, (arc) mĩi, mĩ

Gipuzkoan: mii, mi, min-gain

High Navarrese: mi, mĩ

Low Navarrese: mihi

Salazarese: mi

Lapurdian: mihi

Baztanese: min-gain

Aezkoan: mi

Zuberoan: mihi [mĩhĩ]

Roncalese: mĩ, mi

Comments: Trask (1995, 1999) reiterates Michelena's reconstruction *bini 'tongue', though Jacobsen (1995) suggests instead *mini. However we think *bini or *mini (without *h) cannot account for the attested BNV forms such as [mixja] 'the tongue' with strong fricative (Moutard 1975). See the note to *bihi. The original sibilant remains in BZK GIP mizto (*mis-to) 'sting (of bees or snakes)', lit. 'little tongue' (see Michelena 1961: 186), and *minco (assim. < *milso) 'word, speech'.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : MVLCV

Meaning : tongue, lick

Sino-Caucasian : *mĕ́lc̣ĭ

Austric : PAA *lɛ:t 'lick'

Amerind (misc.) : *lat (? *mVlat) 'tongue' (R 770)

African (misc.) : Cf. Bantu *-mèd- 'swallow'?

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *lVt

Meaning: lick

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *lɛ:t

Austroasiatic meaning: to lick

Munda parallels: M leṭʔe to nibble grain

Miao-Yao parallels: MY *Nbljet tongue

Proto-Austronesian: *zilat (not in B)

Austronesian meaning: lick

References: Ja 66, Peiros 1998, 157 (also comparing Khm. kǝnlaǝt 'uvula'), 162, Schmidt 1906, N 178.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *lɛ:t

Meaning: to lick

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: EK *lɛ:t

Proto-Bahnaric: *l<ǝNp>iat

Proto-Palaungic: PaWa *lɛt

Proto-Khmu: *lɛ:t

References: Kh 776

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *lɛ:t

Meaning: to lick

Presyllable: pǝ- / tǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: BRU liǝt.B < BAH?

Proto-East Katuic: *lɛ:t

References: P-294

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic:

Meaning: to lick

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru: liǝt.B

Bru meaning: to lick

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *lɛ:t

Meaning: to lick

Presyllable: pǝ- / tǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: plɛ:t

Pakoh meaning: to stick tongue in and out

Lao Katu: talɛ:t

Lao Katu meaning: to put the tongue out

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *l<ǝNp>iat

Meaning: tongue

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: rǝpiet

Bahnar meaning: tongue

Proto-North Bahnaric: *piat.T, rǝ-

Proto-South Bahnaric: *piǝt, lǝ-

Proto-West Bahnaric: *piǝt, lǝN-

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *piat, hǝN-

Harak: mpiat (A)

References: PNB-228, JS-251, TB5.55

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *piat.T, rǝ-

Meaning: tongue

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: rǝpet.T

Rengao meaning: tongue

Jeh form: rǝpiat.T

Jeh meaning: tongue

Sedang form: rǝpe.L, rǝpie.L

Sedang meaning: tongue

Hre form: pupɛt.T

Hre meaning: tongue

Mo'dra: piʔ.T

Didra: xpiʔ.T

References: PNB-228, GS-79

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *piǝt, lǝN-

Meaning: tongue

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: lǝpiet

Chrau meaning: tongue

Stieng form: lǝpiet

Stieng meaning: tongue

References: SBS-386

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *piǝt, lǝN-

Meaning: tongue

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: piat

Jaru meaning: tongue

Lavi: hapiǝt

Juk: lapiǝt

Nhaheung form: piat

Nhaheung meaning: tongue

Brao form: mpiat

Brao meaning: tongue

Other WB languages: tongue

References: JS-251

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *piat, hǝN-

Meaning: tongue

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: hapiat, piat

Kaseng: ʔǝpiǝt

Yaeh: mpiǝt

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *piat, hǝm-

Meaning: tongue

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Alak: mpiat

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *lɛt

Meaning: to lick

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *lɛt; *liak

Proto-De'ang: *liat

Riang: liɛt.2

Riang meaning: to lick

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa:

Meaning: to lick

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: lɛt.B

Paraok meaning: to lick

Wa: lɛt.B

Wa meaning: to lick

Ava: let

Lawa: lɨǝk, kh- ???

Lawa meaning: to lick

References: WW-536

De'ang etymology :

Proto-De'ang: *liat

Meaning: to lick

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

De'ang: liat

De'ang-1: liaʔ

De'ang-2: let.1

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