Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *c̣ẽ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bow 2 arrow

Ginukh: nic̣u 2

Inkhokvari: c̣ẽ 1

Comments: PTsKh *c̣ẽ, obl. *c̣eno- (Inkh. c̣eno-); Gin. nic̣u reflects a metathesised oblique stem (coincidence with nic̣u 'reed' is obviously secondary, because the latter is borrowed from Av. nuc̣:i q.v.).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *c̣ǟnHV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bow, arrow

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *c̣inHu

Proto-Tsezian: *c̣ẽ

Proto-West Caucasian: *ć:ǝ

Notes: An important common NC root; not very widely represented, but both phonetically and semantically quite reliable.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *c̣inHu

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 arrow 2 bow

Andian language: c̣iwu 2

Akhvakh: č̣ĩwo / č̣ĩho 1

Chamalal: c̣ĩw 1

Tindi: c̣ĩhu 1

Karata: c̣ijun (Tok.) 1

Bagvalal: c̣i (Leksika) 1

Comments: The word for 'fork' in some Andian languages is derived from the same root: *c̣inHu-b or *c̣inHu-r > *c̣imHu-r ("arrow-like"): cf. Tind. c̣inob, Akhv. č̣ume (Tseg., Tlan. č̣umer, Ratl. č̣umeri), And. c̣umur 'fork'.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ć:ǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bow 2 arrow

Abkhaz: a-χǝ́-c 1

Abaza: χri-χǝc 1,2

Comments: PAT *xǝ-ćǝ (cf. also Bzyb. a-xǝ́ć 'bow', Ashkh. χǝc 'arrow'). This compound, actually meaning "arrow+bow", is an exact parallel of EC forms like Akhv. Ratl. ʎar-č̣ijõ 'bow and arrow' etc. (see under *ʎĂl(H)V).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *c̣VŋHV́

Meaning: sharp; arrow; to pierce

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *c̣ǟnHV

Sino-Tibetan: /*cōn (/*cōŋ) /

Basque: *siHi

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *cōn (/*cōŋ)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bore, chisel

Chinese: 鑽 *cōn to bore, perforate, penetrate.

Tibetan: mchon any pointed or cutting instrument.

Burmese: LB *cuŋh chisel.

Lushai: thon to thrust, put endwise anything long into a hole.

Chinese characters :

Character: 鑽

Modern (Beijing) reading: zuǎn

Preclassic Old Chinese: cōn

Classic Old Chinese: cwān

Western Han Chinese: cwān

Eastern Han Chinese: cwān

Early Postclassic Chinese: cwān

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cwān

Late Postclassic Chinese: cwān

Middle Chinese: cwân

English meaning : to pierce, incise [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: дрель, бурав; сверло; шило; [zuàn] алмаз (для резки стекла); [zuān] 1) колоть; дырявить, буравить; просверливать; 2) исследовать, доискиваться; 3) протискиваться, втискиваться в...

Comments: Also read *cōn-s, MC cwần, Mand. zuàn 'sharp instrument, tool for piercing, incising'. In the specialized meaning 'diamond for cutting glass' (attested rather late) it was borrowed in Viet. as xoàn. Standard Sino-Viet. is toa`n. Sometimes also used as a loan for 攢 *ʒ(h)ōn 'to collect,gather' q.v.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 167

Four-angle index: 8047

Karlgren code: 0153 h-i

Go-on: san

Kan-on: san

Vietnamese reading: xoàn

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2584

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 鑽

MC description : A: 山合一平桓精; B: 山合一去換精

ZIHUI: A: 9449 1931; B: 9449 1932

Beijing: A: cuan 11; B: cuan 3

Jinan: A: cuã 11; B: cuã 3

Xi'an: A: cuã 11; B: cuã 3

Taiyuan: A: cuä̃ 1; B: cuä̃ 3

Hankou: A: can 11; B: can 11

Chengdu: A: cuan 11; B: cuan 11

Yangzhou: A: cuõ 11; B: cuõ 3

Suzhou: A: cö 11; B: cö 31

Wenzhou: A: cö 11; B: cö 31

Changsha: A: cõ 11; B: cõ 11

Shuangfeng: A: cuã 11; B: cuã 31

Nanchang: A: cɔn 11; B: cɔn 31

Meixian: A: cɔn 3; B: cɔn 3

Guangzhou: A: čyn 11; B: čyn 31

Xiamen: A: cuan 31; B: cuan 31

Chaozhou: A: cɨŋ 31; B: cɨŋ 31

Fuzhou: A: cauŋ 31; B: cauŋ 31

Shanghai: A: cö 3; B: cö 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: A: con 1; B: con 3

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *siHi

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 wedge 2 iron skewer, spit 3 frayed thread, lint 4 point 4 icicle 5 iron bar with a point

Bizkaian: burdun-tzi 2, burrun-tzi 2, al-tzi 3, bur-tzi 5, (Txorierri) zii 1, zi 4

Gipuzkoan: burdun-tzi 2, (Goierri) al-tzi 3, (Berastegi, Gaintza) burrun-tzi 4

Comments: Contra Michelena (1961: 346, 413), who cited Bsq zihi as a variant of ziri, in this analysis *siHi is etymologically distinct from *siri / *sil- 'peg, wedge', etc., *siHi 'rush, reed', and *sini 'acorn' (q.v.). For compound elements see *burdina 'iron',*ha[l]i 'thread'. The Bsq word could have been *sinHi, but there is no evidence in this case from dialects with nasal vowels (ZBR, RNC).

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVNV

Meaning : sharp object

Eurasiatic : *CVNV

Afroasiatic : *sin- (cf. also *c̣in- 'sharp object')

Sino-Caucasian : *c̣VŋHV́ (cf. also *ćVnV, *sɨ̄́nŏ)

Reference : ND 2089. More than one root?

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *CVNV

Meaning: smth. sharp

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: (cf. *stengh-)

Altaic: *č`i̯aŋu ( ~ *č`i̯oŋe) (cf. also *si̯únŋi 2079)

Uralic: *säŋkV (cf. also *ćäŋkV ~ *śäŋkV break, cut off, *šiŋa 'sharpen, whet')

Dravidian: *čāṇ-

Eskimo-Aleut: *caHunǝʁ (~ -ŋ-, -r-)

Comments: Several roots.

References: ND 2089 *s/šäŋV 'tooth' (FU+Drav + SH).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *č`i̯aŋu ( ~ *č`i̯oŋe)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a sharp bone, sharp instrument

Russian meaning: острая кость, острый инструмент

Turkic: *čeŋe

Tungus-Manchu: *čoŋkī-

Korean: *čǝ̄ŋ ( ~ *čjǝ̄ŋ)

Comments: It is also tempting to compare PJ *tùnuá 'horn'.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *čeŋe

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: jaw

Russian meaning: челюсть

Middle Turkic: čaŋa, čeŋe (Pav. C., AH)

Azerbaidzhan: čänä

Turkmen: čene (dial.)

Halaj: čänä

Yakut: seŋie

Gagauz: čenä

Karaim: ceŋge

Kumyk: čene

Comments: Лексика 220. Despite Буд. 1, 483-484, D-T 98 the Pers. čānah 'lower jaw' cannot be the source of Turkic forms; it does not have any Iranian etymology and is itself most likely a Turkism.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *čoŋkī-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to peck 2 pecking, beak

Russian meaning: 1 клевать 2 клевание, клюв

Evenki: čoŋkī- 1, čoŋkī 2

Even: čoŋqъ̣- 1, čoŋqъ̣n 2

Negidal: čoŋkị- 1, čoŋkị̄ 2

Literary Manchu: čoŋgi-, čoŋki- 1

Nanai: čoŋkị- 1

Comments: ТМС 2, 407.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *čǝ̄ŋ ( ~ *čjǝ̄ŋ)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: chisel

Russian meaning: зубило

Modern Korean: čǝ̄ŋ

Comments: KED 1450.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 892

Proto: *säŋkV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: wooden nail, peg

German meaning: Holznagel, Keil, Pflock

Finnish: (sänki 'Stoppel' - rejected by Redei)

Saam (Lapp): sag'ge -gg- (N) 'pin, peg', saggē (L) 'Stäbchen, Splitter, Stift', sa_iñke (T) 'Pflock, Zwecke'

Mari (Cheremis): (šäŋge, šäŋɣǝ (KB) 'dürrer Ast eines Strauches' - rejected by Redei)

Khanty (Ostyak): lö̆ŋk (V) 'Keil', jö̆ŋk (VK), лȯ̆ŋk (Mj.), tŏŋk (DN), luŋk (O) 'Holznagel; Keil' ?

Hungarian: ék (acc. ékët) 'Keil'

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *čāṇ-

Meaning : chisel

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *čāṇ-

Proto-Telugu : *sēn- (?)

Notes : Actually a Kan.-Tulu isogloss (the Telugu form is dubious phonetically and could be a dialectal borrowing).

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *čāṇ-

Meaning : chisel

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kannada : cāṇa, cāna, cēṇa

Kannada meaning : a small chisel

Tulu : cēṇụ, cēnụ

Tulu meaning : awl, chisel

Number in DED : 2445

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *sēn-

Meaning : awl, chisel

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : sēnamu

Number in DED : 2445

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *caHunǝʁ (~ -ŋ-, -r-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: bone

Russian meaning: кость

Proto-Inupik: *caunǝʁ

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *cạụnǝ̣ʁ (~ -ąʁ)

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: bone 1, seed 2

Russian meaning: кость 1, семя 2

Seward Peninsula Inupik: sauniq 1

SPI Dialects: Imaq sáûnɨq 1, W sōniq* (nąk, neʁit) 1

North Alaskan Inupik: saunɨq (ʁ) 1, 2 (in fruit), 'pit', saunʁic pl. 1, 'boat frame', saunāq dim. 'eggshell, pit, seed of fruit, small fishbone'

NAI Dialects: B, Ingl sauniq* 1

Western Canadian Inupik: sauniq 1, 'pit'

WCI Dialects: Cor x́aunaq* 1, M sauniq* 1

Eastern Canadian Inupik: sauniq 1, 'fishbone, eggshell', saunaq 2, 'pit'

Greenlandic Inupik: sāniq (ʁ) (sauneq*), sāʁni 3pl. 1, 'knuckle, pit (in fruit)'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 72

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sin-

Meaning: tooth

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *šinn- 'tooth'

Berber: *sīn- 'tooth'

Western Chadic: *sin- 'tooth'

Central Chadic: *ŝyan- 'tooth'

East Chadic: *syan- 'tooth'

South Cushitic: *siḥin- (?)

Notes: Secondary lateral in CCh.

Semitic etymology :

Number: 131

Proto-Semitic: *šinn-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: tooth

Akkadian: šinnu OA on [CAD š3 48], [AHw 1242]

Eblaitic: si-nu-u[m], si-na-tum /šinnum/, /šinnātum/ [Kr 6-7, 8; Bl E No. 90]

Ugaritic: šn [Aist 311]

Hebrew: šēn [KB deutsch 1472]

Biblical Aramaic: šinnayin (du.) [KB deutsch 1793]

Judaic Aramaic: šinnā [Ja 1603]; šn, det. šännā [Sok 559].

    Cf. mǝšunnītā 'jaw' [Ja 850], likely derived after a participle pattern

Syrian Aramaic: šennā [Brock 789]

Mandaic Aramaic: šina [DM 789]

Arabic: sinn- [BK 1 1147]

Geʕez (Ethiopian): sǝnn

Tigrai (Tigriñña): sǝnni

Argobba: sǝn

Gafat: sǝnä [LGaf 231]

Harari: sǝn

East Ethiopic: SEL isn, WOL ǝsǝn, ZWY sǝn [LGur 549].

    The two first forms < *ʔi-sin-, with the prefix?

Gurage: CHA sǝn, EŽA MUH MSQ GOG SOD sǝnn, ENN END GYE šǝn [ibid.]

Jibbali: šnin [JJ 262]

Notes: Same meaning throughout SEM.

    Note that AMH sǝnn is from GEZ according to [LGz 504] (not in [K]).

    Cf. MSA ʕAbd-El-Kuri ŝáʕnhǝn 'dent' [SSL 4 89] with unexplained ŝ- if related and inserted -ʕ-.

    [Fron 45] (*šinn- 'dente'); [Holma 22]: AKK, HBR, SYR, ARB, GEZ; [KB deutsch 1472]: HBR, ARM, AKK, UGR, ARB, GEZ; [LGz 504]: GEZ, ETH, ARB, ARM, HBR, UGR, AKK

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *sīn-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tooth'

Ghadames: a-sīn

Nefusa: sīn

Siwa: a-sayn

Ghat: i-sin

Ayr: e-šen

Ahaggar (Tahaggart): esîn

Tawllemmet: e-šen

Taneslemt: e-sen

Sened: i-sîn

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *sin-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tooth'

Jimi: sǝn [Cs]

Polchi: šĩn [CS N 94]

Geji: šiŋ [CLR: 330]

Zaar: šin [CLR]

Sayanchi: šɨ̃n [Cs N 94]

Boghom: šaŋá-l [Cs N 94]

Guruntum: šin [CLR]

Dwot: šéén [Cs N 94]

Buli: šin [Kr]

Tule: šìna [CLR]

Wangday: šɛn [CLR]

Tala: šin [Cs]

Zul: šine [Cs N 94]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *ŝyan-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tooth'

Gaanda: ŝêna

Gabin: ŝêne

Hwona: ŝànà

Mbara: sí ŋ [TMba]

Higi Nkafa: ŝìnɛ

Fali Gili: ŝǝìni

Kapsiki=Higi Kamale: ŝǝ̀nɛ

Gisiga: ŝeŋ

Mada: sliŋ

Mafa=Matakam: ŝɛnnɛ

Munjuk: sisiyen [TMnj]

Logone: s̃ìnì

Musgu: šɛšiɛ́ŋ [LkMsg]

Banana: sinà

Notes: Cp. C 12 *s- [Sy: 57]. Secondary lateral .

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *syan-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tooth'

Somrai: sán-dē [Jg]

Tumak: hìín [Cp]

Ndam: hân [JgD]

Gabri: k-song [Lk:88]

Dormo: gá-sene [Lk: 91]

Dangla: sààŋo [Fd]

Migama: sâ:nú [JMig]

Jegu: sàŋó [CLR: 221]

Bidiya: séénō [JBid]

Mubi: sìŋàŋù [CLR]

Birgit: sàŋó [[CLR]

Mokilko: sìntá

Sokoro: sǝn, són-d [CLR]

South Cushitic etymology :

Proto-South Cushitic: *siḥin-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tooth'

Iraqw (Mbulu): siḥino

Alagwa (Wasi): siḥino

Burunge (Mbulungi): siḥino

Notes: Metathesis from *ḥV-sin- ?

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