Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *-at- / *-aṭ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a negative particle

Inkhokvari: -ate

Gunzib: -aṭ-

Comments: An irregular correspondence (ṭ/t) is explained by the grammatical nature of the morph. Cf. also Gunz. -iṭ- suffix of negative past gerund (showing that the vowel here does not belong to the negative affix itself).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *dV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a negative particle

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *-dA

Proto-Tsezian: *-at- / *-aṭ-

Proto-Lezghian: *t:V-

Proto-Khinalug: -n-dä-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. This negative particle is widely used in Lezghian languages, more seldom - elsewhere. Violations of phonetic rules (devoicing in PTs, Ud.) are explained by the grammatical nature of the root.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: [*-dA]

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: negative gerund

Chamalal: -da

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *t:V-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: not

Lezghian: t:-

Tabasaran: d-

Agul: d-

Tsakhur: d-

Kryz: d-

Budukh: d-

Archi: -ṭu

Udi: te

Comment: The common Lezgian negative morpheme, which could be used both in prefixed and suffixed positions. Glottalisation in Arch. is clearly secondary (the final vowel was probably originally lost, and there occurred a neutralisation of the glottalisation feature in the Auslaut position; later a new parasitic vowel was added).

    See Алексеев 1985, 100-101.

Khinalug etymology :

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *dV

Meaning: prohibitive particle

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *dV

Sino-Tibetan: *tă ( ~ d-)

Yenisseian: *ʔat / *ta-

Comments and references : HGC 21.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *tă ( ~ d-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: stop, prevent; prohibitive particle

Chinese: 遮 *tia intercept, stop

Burmese: tah to prevent in any way; LB *thax a prohibitive particle.

Lepcha: tho to arrrest, to impede, to hinder, to retain, to detain, to stop, to hold enough, to defer

Comments: The root is also used as a negative imperative. Cf. BG: Dimasa, Garo da; Kanauri tha; Vayu ta. Sh. 132, 427; Ben. 97. In Chinese cf. also 止 *tǝʔ 'stop'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 遮

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhē

Preclassic Old Chinese: tia

Classic Old Chinese: tia

Western Han Chinese: tia

Eastern Han Chinese: ćä

Early Postclassic Chinese: ća

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ća

Late Postclassic Chinese: ća

Middle Chinese: ća

English meaning : intercept, stop

Russian meaning[s]: 1) покрывать, защищать, заслонять от..., загораживать; 2) препятствовать, преграждать; 3) ср. кит. этот

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 162

Four-angle index: 6630

Karlgren code: 0804 d

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2097

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 遮

MC description : 假開三平麻章

ZIHUI: 6686 0158

Beijing: c̣ô 11

Jinan: c̣ǝ 11

Xi'an: c̣ô 11

Taiyuan: cǝ 1

Hankou: cô 11

Chengdu: ce 11

Yangzhou: ce_ 11

Suzhou: co 11

Wenzhou: cei 11

Changsha: c̣ô 11

Shuangfeng: to 11

Nanchang: ca 11

Meixian: ca 11

Guangzhou: čɛ 11

Xiamen: ce 11 (lit.); ʒia 11 (lit.); cia 11

Chaozhou: cia 11

Fuzhou: cia 11

Shanghai: co 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: čie 1

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔat / *ta-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: negative particle

Ket: āt 'don't' (prohibitive particle), ta:ŋ 'not'

Yug: ata 'don't' (prohibitive particle), tāŋǝ bъ̄ś 'not at all'

Comments: ССЕ 184. Werner 1, 72.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TV

Meaning : prohibitive particle

Sino-Caucasian : *dV

Austric : PAA *tV 'negative', *tVj 'stop', PAN *ati 'negative marker', *qeti 'stop', *edaʔ 'prohibitive marker'

Notes : Cf. Nivkh ta- 'prohib. particle'.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *tV

Meaning: negative marker

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *tV

Austroasiatic meaning: negative marker

Proto-Austronesian: *ati

Austronesian meaning: negative marker

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *tV

Meaning: negative marker

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: WK *tǝ / *de

Proto-Bahnaric: WB *ta

Proto-Vietic: *dV

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *tǝ / *de

Meaning: not

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *tǝ / *de

References: P-1024

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *tǝ / *de

Meaning: not

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru: tʌ:.N

Bru meaning: not, no; tâ:h no

Kui: the:.B

Kui meaning: negative

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *ta

Meaning: negative

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Bahnaric: *ta / *taʔ

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *ta / *taʔ

Meaning: negative

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Brao form: tǝj, tha:

Brao meaning: negator

Other WB languages: SAP ta:, OI, CHG taʔ

References: SP-149

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong:

Meaning: not

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Khaphong: de.33

Notes: Malieng de.33

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