Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *kǝk- (~-e-,-ɨ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to eat 2 to feed

Tsezi: kik- 1,2

Ginukh: kik-aj- 2

Khvarshi: kak- 1

Inkhokvari: kok- 1

Comments: PTsKh *kǝk- (an historical reduplication).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʔikwVn

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to eat

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʔikʷVn-

Proto-Tsezian: *kǝk- (~-e-,-ɨ-)

Proto-Lak: =uka-

Proto-Dargwa: *=i(r)kʷVn-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔikʷVn-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The verb has class prefixes only in Lak. and Darg. Several languages have an interesting opposition 'to eat (objectless)' : 'to eat (smth.)': Av. Chad. kuná-ji : kʷén-ži; Darg. Chir. =erkʷVn- / =uk- : =uk- / =uk-; Arch. kúm-mus (dur. kúkin, term. kúnni) : kum-mús (dur. kʷan, term. kunné).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʔikʷVn-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to eat

Avar: kʷan-

Chadakolob: kʷ(Vn)-

Andian language: ikʷon-

Akhvakh: unkan-

Chamalal: ikʷn-

Tindi: ekʷĩ-

Karata: inkʷ-

Botlikh: inkʷ-

Bagvalal: ekʷã-

Godoberi: ikũ-

Comments: The Av. form reflects the Ablaut variant *kʷVn-. In some of the Andian languages the final -n was duplicated in the stem (Akhv., Kar., Botl.). In Av. and And. the verb is both transitive and intransitive; in other Andian languages it is only intransitive.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: =uka-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: eat

Lak form: =uka-

Comments: G.pr. =u=ku-nu. Cf. Khosr. =uka-n, dur. kʷana-n.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=i(r)kʷVn-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: eat

Akusha: uk-es

Chiragh: =erkʷ- / =uk-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =irkʷ(n)/=uk-.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔikʷVn-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: eat

Archi: kum-mus

Udi: ukes

Comment: An important Arch.-Ud. isogloss (lost in all other languages; the Arch. root is kʷan-).

    See Гигинейшвили 1977, 80-81.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʔikwV́n-

Meaning: to eat

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʔikwVn

Sino-Tibetan: *kǝ̄m(H) (~g-)

Comments and references : WFR 119. Differently in NSC 57.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kǝ̄m(H) (~g-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hold in mouth

Chinese: 含 *gǝ̄m hold in the mouth.

Tibetan: ãgam put or throw into the mouth (p. (b)gams, f. bgom, i. goms), ãkham take into mouth.

Burmese: khwamʔ to put into the mouth, as food.

Kiranti: *ʔkä̀m

Comments: Miri gam seize (with teeth). Simon 22; Ben. 166.

Chinese characters :

Character: 含

Modern (Beijing) reading: hán

Preclassic Old Chinese: g(h)ǝ̄m

Classic Old Chinese: g(h)ǝ̄m

Western Han Chinese: gǝ̄m (~ ɣ-)

Eastern Han Chinese: gǝ̄m (~ ɣ-)

Early Postclassic Chinese: gǝ̄m (~ ɣ-)

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gǝ̄m (~ ɣ-)

Late Postclassic Chinese: gǝ̄m (~ ɣ-)

Middle Chinese: ɣʌm

English meaning : to hold in the mouth; hold back (e.g. anger)

Russian meaning[s]: 1) держать во рту; 2) содержать (таить) в себе; 3) сносить (обиду); сдерживать (напр. слезы)

Comments: In Viet. cf. also ngậm 'to hold in the mouth' (although the tone is different, and it may be just a chance coincidence).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 1338

Karlgren code: 0651 |l ́

Vietnamese reading: hàm

Jianchuan Bai: ka7

Dali Bai: ka7

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 353

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 含

MC description : 咸開一平覃匣

ZIHUI: 0698 1753

Beijing: xan 12

Jinan: xã 12

Xi'an: xã 12

Taiyuan: xä̃ 1

Hankou: xan 12

Chengdu: xan 12

Yangzhou: xɛ̃ 12

Suzhou: ɦö 12

Wenzhou: ɦö 12

Changsha: xan 12

Shuangfeng: ɣã 12

Nanchang: hɔn 12

Meixian: ham 12

Guangzhou: ham 12

Xiamen: ham 12

Chaozhou: ham 12

Fuzhou: xaŋ 12

Shanghai: ɦö 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: xam 12

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *ʔkä̀m (-s)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: chew

Tulung: kam-

Kaling: kämnä (kämu)

Limbu: khāmmā (khāmsu)

Kulung: khamma

Yamphu: komma (?)

Comments: Toba 88 *käm-.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: kha:mmaʔ, -kha:md-/-kha:m-

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vt.

Meaning: chew

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: khamma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vt-4 [1: kham- 2: khamm- 3: kham-]

Meaning: chew

Nepali: capāunu.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: komma I

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Stem: <kops- ; kom->

Grammar: v.intr. & v.tr.

Meaning: to eat; slang expression for ca:ma 'to eat', with an additional implication of eating what is not entirely edible

Comments: kops.u.m. (eat.о3.PLA) Let's eat it!

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVMV

Meaning : to eat, gulp

Eurasiatic : *ḳVmV

Afroasiatic : Sem. *ḳmħ 'swallow', ECush *ḳVm- 'eat'

Sino-Caucasian : *ʔikwVn

Austric : PAA *gam 'bite', PAN *kemi, *gemi 'hold, bite, suck', *eŋgem, *qeŋkem 'hold in mouth'

Amerind (misc.) : *kam ~ *kom 'water; drink' (R 833) [+ A]

Reference : ND 1065, 1069.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳVmV

Meaning: to eat, gulp

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *kʷē̆m-

Altaic: *kĕ̀ma (~ -o) (? *k`-)

References: ND 1065 *Ḳ[e]mV 'to bite' (Alt. - ECush.), 1069 *ḲomħV 'to eat, swallow' (IE + Sem.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *kʷem-

Meaning: to gulp

Old Indian: camati `to sip, drink', ā-cāmati `to sip, lap up, lick up', ptc. ācānta-; camasá- m. `a vessel for drinking the Soma', camū́- f. `vessel into which the Soma is poured'

Other Iranian: NPers čam `das Essen', čamīdan `Trinken'; Osset čumum `schlurfen'

Old Greek: témnonta = amélgonta Hsch.; étemen = ḗmelgen Hsch.

Germanic: *xwēm-ō- vb., *xwēm-ōn- f.

Russ. meaning: хлебать

References: WP I 514

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *xwēmōn-, *xwēmōn

Meaning: swallow

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: NIsl hvōma `verschlucken, verschlingen', hvōma f. `Speiseröte, SChlund'

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1092

Root: kʷem-

English meaning: to swallow, sip

German meaning: `schlürfen, schlucken'

Material: Ai. cā́mati und camati *schlürft', Partiz. ācānta-, camasá- m. `Trinkschale, Becher', camū́- m. `Schüssel'; npers. čam `das Essen', čamīδan `trinken', osset. cumun `schlürfen';

    arm. k`im-k` Pl. `faux, guttur' (*kʷēmā-); mit Ablautstufe ō: npers. kām `Gaumen', afghan. kūmai ds.; zweifelhaft ist gr. ἔτεμεν ἤμελγεν und τέμνοντα [wohl τέμοντα] ἀμέλγοντα Hes., wobei ἀμέλγειν in der spätern Bed. `Flüssiges aussaugen, auspressen' zu fassen wäre;

    nisl. hvōma (aus *hvāma, idg. *kʷēmō = ai. cā́mati) `verschlucken, verschlingen', hvōma f. `Speiseröhre, Schlund'.

References: WP. I 514.

Pages: 640-641

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *kĕ̀ma (~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to gnaw, bite

Russian meaning: грызть, кусать

Turkic: *gEmür-

Mongolian: *kemeli-

Tungus-Manchu: *kem-ki-

Japanese: *kàm-

Comments: KW 225, АПиПЯЯ 112, 274, Лексика 262. Borrowing in Mong. from Turk. is impossible (despite Щербак 1997, 126); the Manchu form, however, may be < Mong. (see Rozycki 137).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *gEmür-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to gnaw

Russian meaning: грызть, глодать

Karakhanid: kemür- (MK)

Turkish: gemir-, kemir-

Tatar: kimer-

Middle Turkic: kömür- (Sangl., Abush.)

Uzbek: kemir-

Uighur: kemi(r)-

Azerbaidzhan: gämir-

Turkmen: gemir-

Khakassian: kimǝr-

Oyrat: kemir-

Yakut: kömürüö 'spongy bone'

Tuva: xemir-

Tofalar: xemir-

Kirghiz: kemir-

Kazakh: kemir-

Noghai: kemir-

Bashkir: kimer-

Balkar: kemir-

Gagauz: kemir-

Karaim: kemir-

Karakalpak: kemir-

Kumyk: gemir-

Comments: VEWT 251, EDT 723, ЭСТЯ 3, 18-19, Лексика 262.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kemeli-, *kemi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to gnaw 2 to bite

Russian meaning: 1 грызть 2 кусать

Written Mongolian: kemeli-, kemele- (L 451), kemile- 1; kemki- 2 (DO 413)

Middle Mongolian: kemile- 1 (MA)

Khalkha: ximle-, xemle- 1

Buriat: ximel- 1

Kalmuck: kemḷ- 1

Ordos: kemele- 1, kemχel- 2

Baoan: kamel- 2

Dagur: keme- (Тод. Даг. 149) 1 (MGCD keḿ-, kemi-)

Shary-Yoghur: kemle- 1 (MGCD kelme-)

Monguor: xamla- 1

Comments: KW 225, MGCD 348, 350. Cf. also kemki- 'to grind, to bite'.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kem-ki-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to bite (of a dog, goose)

Russian meaning: кусать, хватать за ноги

Literary Manchu: kemki-

Comments: ТМС 1, 448. Attested only in Manchu, but probably archaic (cf. the external evidence).

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kàm-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to bite

Russian meaning: кусать

Old Japanese: kam-

Middle Japanese: kàm-

Tokyo: kám-

Kyoto: kàm-

Kagoshima: kám-

Nase: kàmj-

Shuri: kánā́s-, kán-

Hateruma: ka_̀m_-

Yonakuni: kàm-

Comments: JLTT 703.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *kVmi

Meaning: bite

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *gam

Austroasiatic meaning: to bite

Proto-Austronesian: *kemi, *gemi

Austronesian meaning: hold, bite, suck, fish sp.

Austronesian code: 12:20

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *gam / *kam

Meaning: bite

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: ONG kam.B

Khmer: k<h>ɔm

Proto-Vietic: gamh, C-

Proto-Palaungic: *gǝm

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *rih

Meaning: big, large

Presyllable: gǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: BRU krih.B

Proto-East Katuic: *rih

References: P-737; TK15.204a

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic:

Meaning: big, large

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru: krih.B

Bru meaning: (of long or narrow objects, such as eyelashes, teeth, fishhooks, strings, bamboo strips, yam plants, etc.) big, large

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *rih

Meaning: big, large

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: krih

Pakoh meaning: big; kǝkrih long time ago

Ngeq: krih

Ngeq meaning: big, large

Kri: krih

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: k<h>a:ṃ

Meaning: to bite; be sore

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Comments: cf. thga:m molar JP32

References: JP23

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *gamh, C-

Meaning: bite

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: gặm 'bite, gnaw'

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *gǝm

Meaning: to hold in the mouth

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *gum, K-

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa:

Meaning: to hold in the mouth

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: kum.B

Paraok meaning: to hold in the mouth; gum.B mouth

Wa: khum.B

Wa meaning: to hold in the mouth

Wa (dial.): kum.3 T??

Wa (dial.) meaning: to hold in the mouth

Angku etymology :

Proto-Angku: *pis

Meaning: to sweep

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Pangpin: phih.T

Gantang: phit.33

U: phi.2

References: WW-469; S-110

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