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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *=ɨgV (~-ǝ-)
Meaning: good
Tsezi: =igu
Ginukh: =egi
Khvarshi: =agu
Inkhokvari: =ogu
Comments: PTsKh *=ǝg/u/.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-comment,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=ĭnk_wV (/=ĭk_wVn; ~ ɨ̆)
Meaning: right, good
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Seems both semantically ("good" - "right" is a common correlation) and phonetically reliable. Cf. also Urart. gunǝ 'right (not left), true' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 32). The same root is probably represented in PEC *k_wVnV 'a conditional particle' > Ud. -gin, Khin. -k:ʷa, Lak. -kun, Tsez. -kin et al.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *dik-/*dak-
Meaning: good
Chechen: dika
Ingush: dika
Batsbi: dakĩ
Comments: Vocalism unclear: *dik-i(n) in Chech., Ing. (cf. also Chech. Usl. dikiŋ), but *dak-i(n) in Bacb.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *ʔinkʷV- / *kʷVnV-r-
Meaning: right
Avar: kʷarána-b
Chadakolob: kurána-b
Karata: inku-doƛ̣:
Comments: Cf. also Kar. Anch. inku-baƛ:a id.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-krt,aandet-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *d-uka
Meaning: right
Akusha: duka (Kait.)
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *juk:ɨ-
Meaning: 1 right 2 good
Rutul: jigi-d 1 (Shin)
Tsakhur: jugna 2
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *d=ĭk_wVn
Meaning: right; sufficient
Comments and references : If the comparison is correct, PST *t- must reflect an old class marker; or else the reconstruction should be *dĭk_w(Vn), with a reanalysis of *d- as a class marker in PNC. [On the other hand, in LDC 37-38 the ST form is compared with PAK *daʁʷa `good'].
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *tī̆kʷ
Meaning: good, sufficient
Tibetan: sdug pretty, nice.
Burmese: thǝuk be worth, have certain value; be lucky.
Kachin: (H) thik be lucky (probably from Burm.).
Lushai: tōk be enough, sufficient, adequate.
Comments: Here perhaps also Kanauri teg', Serdukpen a-dok 'big'.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 淑
Modern (Beijing) reading: shú
Preclassic Old Chinese: d(h)ikʷ
Classic Old Chinese: d(h)iuk
Western Han Chinese: d(h)jǝuk
Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ́(h)ǝuk
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́(h)ɨuk
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́(h)uk
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́(h)uk
Middle Chinese: ʒ́ük
English meaning : be good
Russian meaning[s]: 1) чистый, ясный; 2) добродетельный; нравственный; 3) привлекательный; милый
Shuowen gloss: 清湛也.從水.叔聲.
Radical: 85
Four-angle index: 5947
Karlgren code: 1031 j
Shijing occurrences: 1.1, 28.4, 47.1
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *dǝ́k (/-ŋ; ~ *dók)
Meaning: sufficient
Tulung: ḍɔ̄-sǝ(t)- suffice,ḍokpu big, important
Kaling: 'donä suffice ('doŋɔ), ḍokpä (CSDP 'dokpä) sufficient
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,kiret-yam,
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Limbu dictionary :
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Entry: tɛkmaʔ, -tɛkt-/-tɛk-
Grammar: 1) vi. 2) vt.
Meaning: 1) be sufficient; 2) sate, be sufficient for, reach
Comments: 1) tɔk tɛktɛ The rice was sufficient 2) tɔk kɛrɛk tɛktusi, khɛN mɛdɛktun The rice was enough for everybody to eat his fill, but wasn't enough to fill him; cf. kha:maʔ, ya:kmaʔ, yo:maʔ; cf. thɛkmaʔ. limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,limet-comments,
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Yamphu dictionary :
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Entry: itthuk
Grammar: adj. & adv. & suffix.
Meaning: 1) full, heaped above the brim; 2) whole, entire.
Nepali: jhusī, bhari
yamet-prnum,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,yamet-nepali,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *hon
Meaning: good
Araban: on
Bizkaian: on
Gipuzkoan: on
High Navarrese: on
Low Navarrese: on, (arc) hon, (Donibane-Garazi) hun
Salazarese: on
Lapurdian: on
Baztanese: on
Aezkoan: on
Zuberoan: hun
Roncalese: on
Comments: The most archaic PSC form seems to be *=kUn- (> PAvar-Andian *kʷVnV-, Bsq *hon, Urart. gunǝ), with a common metathesis to *=ĭnkwV in most EC langs. Derivation from Lat. bonum is implausible.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-arb,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-sal,basqet-lab,basqet-bzt,basqet-azk,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : TVKV
Meaning : good, fit
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-scc,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *dUgV
Meaning: to fit, be good
Kartvelian: Georg. gamo-dg- 'be useful, fit' (if not < 'stand')
References: ND 503 *d[ü]ga. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-kart,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *dheughe-
Meaning: to be ready, sufficient
Old Greek: tüŋkhánō, ft. téu̯ksomai̯, aor. étükhon, ep. etǘkhēsa, ep. conj. tetǘkhēi̯si, ep. opt. tetǘkhoi̯mi, p. en-etéu̯khthēn, pf. tetǘkhēka, ptc. -ēkṓs, -ēṓs, jungatt. ecc. téteukha, m.-p. (spät.) epi-téteu̯gmai̯ `das Ziel, den Zweck erreichen, treffen, antreffen, zufällig begegnen', intr. `sich treffen, zufällig zuteil werden, sich zufällig ereignen'; tǘkhǟ f. `Zufall, Ereignis, Glückszufall', Schicksal, Los', têu̯ksi-s f. `Erreichung', apó-, én-, epí-teu̯gma; téu̯khō, aor. têu̯ksai̯, -asthai̯, hom. tetükẹ̄̂n, -ésthai̯, p. tükhthē̂nai̯, pf. hom. teteu̯khṓs, m.-p. tétüktai̯, hom. tetéu̯khatai̯, tétuktai̯; va. tüktó-, teu̯któ- verfertigen, fertigbringen, herstellen; bereiten; veranstalten, verursachen', titǘskomai̯ `mache zurecht, ziele'; têu̯khos n. `Rüstzeug, Waffen, Ausrüstung'; téu̯ktōr, -oros m. `Verfertiger, Schöpfer', teu̯ktḗr m. `id.'; titǘskomai̯ `zielen; zurecht machen, bereiten, anschirren'
Celtic: *dugnā, *duglo- > Ir dūan `Gedicht', dūal `passend'
Russ. meaning: быть достаточным, готовым
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: ду́жий
Near etymology: "сильный", укр. ду́жий "мощный, крепкий", польск. duży "большой, сильный", dużo "много".
Further etymology: Родственно лит. daũg "много", лтш. daũdz, daudzi "много", padūgt "иметь время, возможность", гот. daug "годится", нов.-в.-н. taugen "годиться", Tugend "добродетель", греч. τυγχάνω, τεύξομαι "попадать, наталкиваться на что-либо", ирл. dúal "подходящий" (*duglo-); см. Мейе, MSl. 17, 63; М. -- Э. 1, 443, 3, 20; Бернекер 1, 217 и сл.; Гофман, Gr. Wb. 362 и сл., 377.
Pages: 1,550
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *daũg-a- adj., *daũg-ia- c.
Meaning: many
Lithuanian: daũg, daugi(a) `viel', daũgi-s 'Vielheit'
Lettish: daũdz, daudzi 'viel'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *daug=, *duxti-z, etc.
Meaning: be useful
Gothic: *dugan (daug) prt.-prs. `be useful'
Old Norse: duga wk. `taugen, nützen, helfen'
Norwegian: duga vb.
Swedish: duga vb.
Danish: duge vb.
Old English: dugan, 3 sg. dēag `es taugt, nützt'; gedīegan `ertragen, überstehen'; dǖhtig `kräftig'; dychtig, dohtig
English: doughty
Old Frisian: duga, 3 sg. daech
Old Saxon: dugan, 3 sg. dōg `es taugt, nützt'; ā-dōgian `aushalten, ordnen'
Middle Dutch: dōghen, dȫghen `deugen, baten', 3 sg. dooch; duchtich
Dutch: deugen; duchtig
Middle Low German: dȫgen `aushalten', ducht
Old High German: tugan, 3 sg. touc (9.Jh.) `es taugt, nützt'; tūht `Andrang, Ansturm' (1.J h.), anatūht (10.Jh.); { tüctic }
Middle High German: tugen, tügen (prs. touc, prt. tohte) 'von statten gehn, tüchtig, förderlich, brauchbar sein, kraft haben'; tuht, duht st. f. 'Andrang, Kraft, Gewalt, Tüchtigkeit'
German: taugen, tüchtig
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-got,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-ofris,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 417
Root: dheugh-
English meaning: to touch, press, milk
German meaning: `berühren (sich gut treffen), drücken, ausdrücken, melken, reichlich spenden'
Material: Indo-iran. *dhaugh- `melken' in ai. duháti, athem. dógdhi `melkt, milcht', die Wunschkuh Kāma-duh(ā) `die reichlich Spendende' (= gr. Τύχη), pers. dōɣ, dōxtän usw., apers. han-dugā `Proklamation' (vgl. lat. pro-mulgāre); gr. τυγχάνω (τεύξομαι, ἔτυχον, ἐτύχησα, τετύχηκα) `treffen, antreffen, zufällig begegnen; ein Ziel oder einen Zweck erreichen; intr. sich vorfinden, gerade wobei sein, zufallen', τύχη `Gelingen, Glückszufall, Schicksal, Los', Göttin Tύχη (wohl ursprüngl. eine Wunschkuh?); τεύχω (τεύξω, Aor. ἔτευξα, hom. τετυκει̃ν, Med. τετύκοντο, τετυκέσθαι - mit sek. k -, Perf. τετευχώς, τέτυκται, τετεύχαται) `tauglich herrichten, verfertigen, herstellen, veranlassen, hervorbringen', τιτύσκομαι `mache zurecht, ziele', τευ̃χος n. `alles Gemachte, Gerät, Geschirr, Zeug, bes. Rüstung, Rüstzeug, Waffen; Schiffsgerät; Geschirr, Gefäß';
ir. dūan `Gedicht' (*dhughnā), dūal `passend' (*dhughlo-);
aisl. Inf. duga, Präs. dugi, Prät. dugða `von Nutzen sein, taugen, glücken', Präteritopräsens got. daug, ags. dēag, as. dōg, ahd. toug `es taugt, nützt', Kaus. mnd. dӧ̄gen `aushalten', as. ā-dōgian `ds., ordnen', ags. gedīegan `ertragen, überstehen'; ahd. tuht `Tüchtigkeit, Kraft', mhd. tühtec, nhd. tüchtig = ags. dyhtig `kraftig' (über got. dauhts `Gastmahl' s. Feist 116);
lit. daũg `viel', dáuginti `mehren'; russ. dúžij usw. `kräftig'.
References: WP. I 847, Benveniste BSL. 30, 73 f., Pisani REtIE. 1, 238 ff.
Pages: 271
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *di̯òge
Meaning: good, better
Russian meaning: хороший, лучше
Comments: АПиПЯЯ 103, 275. Despite the meaning of the Chuvash form ("up") the Turk. root should be rather compared with this Korean and Japanese data than with Mong. degde- 'rise' etc. (see VEWT 194 with literature). On the latter root see under *tēga. The Mong. vocalism in *ǯaɣa is somewhat aberrant: it is probably a result of early vowel assimilation < *ǯiɣa (the variants ǯiɣa- and ǯaɣa- in WMong. interchange frequently). altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *jẹg-
Meaning: 1 better 2 upper part, surface
Russian meaning: 1 лучше, лучший 2 верх, поверхность
Old Turkic: jeg 1 (Orkh., OUygh.)
Turkish: jeɣ, jej 1
Middle Turkic: jik 1 (AH) Azerbaidzhan: jeg (dial.) 1
Turkmen: jeg 1
Chuvash: śi, śije 2
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-chg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-chv,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *ǯaɣa
Meaning: good, well
Russian meaning: ладно, хорошо
Written Mongolian: ǯaɣa, (L 1022: zaɣa-bala 'for certain') Middle Mongolian: ǯa'arin (SH) 'omen' Khalkha: ʒā
Buriat: zā
Kalmuck: zā, zǟ, ǯǟ
Ordos: ǯā
Dongxian: ǯa
Shary-Yoghur: ǯa
Monguor: ʒ́āri 'signe par lequel la divinité manifeste sa volonté' (SM 83), ʒ́ē-le- 'consentir' (SM 87) monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *tjōh-
Meaning: good
Russian meaning: хороший
Modern Korean: čō- [čōh-]
Middle Korean: tjōh-
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *dǝ̀-
Meaning: good
Russian meaning: хороший
Old Japanese: jo-
Middle Japanese: jò-
Tokyo: í-, yó-
Kyoto: ḕ
Kagoshima: yò-
Shuri: ju-ta-
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-shu,japet-comments,
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