Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *-ʔ(V)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: not (negative particle)

Ginukh: -j-(om)

Khvarshi: -j-

Bezhta: -ʔ

Gunzib: -ōj-s

Comments: PTsKh *-j- (past negative and prohibitive in Khvarsh., prohibitive in Gin.); PGB *-ʔ- (present indefinite and past negative).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ɦwV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: not (negative particle)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *-hi

Proto-Tsezian: *-ʔ(V)

Proto-Dargwa: *ħe

Proto-Khinalug: -i-

Notes: The morpheme can be safely reconstructed for PEC on basis of the PA, PC, PD and Khin. evidence. It has a probable parallel in HU: Hurr. -wa- 'not' (negation in verbs), see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *-hi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: not (negative particle)

Chamalal: -i:

Tindi: -hi

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ħe

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: not (neg. particle)

Akusha: ħe

Khinalug etymology :

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ɦwV

Meaning: not, negative particle

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ɦwV

Sino-Tibetan: [*Ha]

Burushaski: *a-

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: [*Ha]

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: negative particle

Comments: Reflected in: Bodo *ja, Konyak ya, Gurung *a, Zhaiwa a, Rourou a.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *a-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: not

Yasin: a(i)-

Hunza: a-

Nagar: a-

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HV

Meaning : negative verb

Eurasiatic : *ʔe

Afroasiatic : *ʔy- (+Eg. w-)

Sino-Caucasian : *ɦwV

Austric : PAA *ʔuh 'negative, not', MY *ha, PAN *aqa

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ʔe

Meaning: not, negative verb

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *e

Uralic: *e

Dravidian: *-a- 'negative suffix of verbs'

References: ОСНЯ 1, 264-265, NDr 3.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *e

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: not

Russian meaning: не

Mongolian: *e-se

Tungus-Manchu: *e-

Comments: Poppe 65, KW 128, ОСНЯ 1, 265, АПиПЯЯ 44, 291. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *e-se

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: not

Russian meaning: не

Written Mongolian: ese (L 333)

Middle Mongolian: ese (SH, HYt), ise (IM), is(ä̆) (MA)

Khalkha: es

Buriat: ehe

Kalmuck: es

Ordos: ese

Dongxian: ese

Baoan: se

Dagur: es (Тод. Даг. 140)

Monguor: sǝ, sī

Mogol: sa, sɛ; ZM eɵɵä (27-7a)

Comments: KW 128, MGCD 272.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *e-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: not

Russian meaning: не (отрицательный глагол)

Evenki: e-

Even: e-

Negidal: e-

Jurchen: ej-xe (476), esi(n)-in (710)

Ulcha: e-

Orok: e-

Nanai: e-

Oroch: e-

Udighe: e-

Solon: e-

Comments: ТМС 2, 432.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 127

Proto: *e ~ *ä ~ *a

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: negative particle, negative verb

German meaning: (Verneinungspartikel ->) Verneinungsverb

Finnish: e-, imp. e-lä, part. e-pä ( > Saam. N æppĕ- as 1st part of compounds)

Estonian: e- (ei, es / is, ep)

Saam (Lapp): i-, imp. al-, âl- (N), ji̮- ~ je- ~ i̮- (Ko. P), i- ~ ie- (Wfs.)

Mordovian: e-, imp. i-ĺa- (E), e-, imp. t́a-, d́a- (M)

Mari (Cheremis): ǝ-š- > š- (praet.), ǝ- ~ i- (conj., desid.), i-t (imper.); a- (KB), o- (U, B) 'nicht'

Udmurt (Votyak): e- (S K G) 'nein, ist nicht, nicht', u- (S K G) (pres.-fut.)

Komi (Zyrian): e- ~ i- (pret.), o- (pres.)

Khanty (Ostyak): ĕntǝ (V DN), ȧ̆n (O) 'nein, nicht', imp. äl (V), ȧt (DN), ȧl (O), ot (DN)

Mansi (Vogul): ä (T), at, ɔ̄̈t (K), at (LU So.) (indic.), äl (T), wil (K), ul (LU So.) (imper.)

Nenets (Yurak): ńī- (indic.), ńo- (imper.)

Enets (Yen): ńe- (indic.)

Nganasan (Tawgi): ńintu 'nein', ńinte- (indic.)

Selkup: î-ki (Ta.), ê-kkä, ê-k (Ke.), i-g, ii-g (Čl.) (imper.), a-ša (Ta.), a-ssa (Tur.), assa, ass (Ke.), aha, ā (N) 'nicht' (indic.)

Kamass: e- ~ el- (pres.), i-ʔ, i-gǝ (imper.)

Addenda: Veps. en, ed, ei (pres., pret.), aлa, augam, augat (pret.); Koib. абы тымнемъ 'незнаю'; Mot. игам-данемъ

Yukaghir parallels: el(e), oi-le 'Verneinungswort; a word expressing negation'; OC 128, 129; Sieh Rédei's Kommentäre.

References: FUV; SKES; КЭСКЯ; DEWO 56, 124; Coll.CompGr. 118, 172, 136, 405, 406; Stein.Fgr.Vok. 41; Collinder JukUr. 60-69; Angere J. Die uralo-jukagirische Frage 102; ИВПЯ 90-91, 134

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔy-

Meaning: not

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: Gez. ʔi; Tna. ʔay...n; Tgr. ʔi.

Notes: Sem, Eg, EC, WCh, see ОСНЯ 1, 264-5, NDr 3.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *ʔV(X)

Meaning: not

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *ʔuh

Austroasiatic meaning: negative, not

Miao-Yao parallels: ha

Proto-Austronesian: *aqa

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ʔuh

Meaning: negative, not

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: *ʔVh

Proto-Bahnaric: NB *ʔǝh / *ʔuh

Khmer: sʔuh

Proto-Pearic: *ʔih.N / *ʔiʔ.N

Proto-Vietic: *ʔɔh

Proto-Palaungic: De *ʔau

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *ʔVh

Meaning: negative particle

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *ʔɔh / *ʔǝh

Proto-East Katuic: *ʔih / *ʔeh

References: P-1241

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *ʔɔh / *ʔǝh

Meaning: negative particle

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru: ʔâh.N

Bru meaning: a question word

Kui: ʔǝh.N

Kui meaning: a negative particle

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *ʔih / *ʔeh

Meaning: negative particle; alike

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: ʔih

Pakoh meaning: not this, but different

Ngeq: ʔih

Ngeq meaning: like, to be like

Katu dialects (1): ʔɛh

Katu meaning: no, negative

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *ʔǝh / *ʔuh

Meaning: no, not

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: ʔǝh

Bahnar meaning: not

Proto-North Bahnaric: *ʔuh.L

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *ʔuh.L

Meaning: no, not

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Sedang form: ʔoh.L

Sedang meaning: no, not

Mo'dra: ʔoh.T

Didra: ʔoh.L

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: sʔuh

Meaning: particle: 'no desire to do'

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Pearic etymology :

Proto-Pearic: *ʔih.N / *ʔiʔ.N

Meaning: how?

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Chong: ʔih.A

Chong meaning: not; ka:ŋ.A ʔih.A when?

Song: nǝʔih.A

Song meaning: when?; ʔi.A chǝj.C not

Kasong: mo:i.B ʔi:.B

Kasong meaning: how much?

Samre: mu:j.C ʔi:.C

Samre meaning: how much?

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *ʔɔh

Meaning: not

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Thomon: ʔɔ.34ʔ

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa:

Meaning: not

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-De'ang: *ʔau

De'ang etymology :

Proto-De'ang: *ʔau

Meaning: not

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

De'ang: ʔǝ:

De'ang-1: ʔâu

De'ang-2: ʔau.1

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