Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *χʷen A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 mountain 2 heap

Tsezi: ħon 1

Ginukh: χwin 1

Khvarshi: hun 1

Inkhokvari: hun 1,2

Comments: PTsKh *χ̥1̇ʷen.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *fănV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mountain, hill

Proto-Nakh: *ħun

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *xan-dV (~-o-)

Proto-Tsezian: *χʷen A

Proto-Lak: han

Proto-Dargwa: *x:Vna

Proto-Lezghian: *χ:ʷ[a]na

Proto-West Caucasian: *xʷA

Notes: In most EC languages the root means actually 'shady slope of a mountain' (i.e. part of the mountain heavily covered with trees). The root is also attested (with reduplication) in HU languages: Hurr. fāvanǝ, Ur. vāvānǝ 'mountain' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 19).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ħun

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: forest

Chechen: ħun

Ingush: ħu

Batsbi: ħũ

Comments: Obl. base *ħune- (cf. Chech. ħüna-, Ing. ħuno). 4th class in all languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *xan-dV (~-o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 shady side, slope 2 hill 3 meadow 4 haying place

Avar: xon-ʎí 1

Chadakolob: xuná-q 1

Chamalal: hanna 4

Tindi: handa 2

Karata: handa 2

Godoberi: šandir 3

Comments: Cf. also Kar. Tok. handu 'hill'. Andian forms contain a dental suffix (original plural?).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: han

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: shady slope of a mountain

Lak form: han

Comments: 4th class.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *x:Vna

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: northern slope

Chiragh: x:ana

Comments: Cf. also Kub. xina waIh (waIh 'slope,side'). The PD vocalism is not clear.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *χ:ʷ[a]na

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 northern slope of a mountain 2 mountain slope

Tabasaran: χʷanḳ 1

Agul: χʷan 2

Rutul: χin 1

Archi: χ:ʷan 1

Comment: The -a Auslaut (and the obl. stem *χ:ʷanä-) can be established on basis of Ag. (obl. χʷana-) and Rut. (obl. χina-) data. The vowel -i- in Rut. is rather enigmatic (otherwise the correspondences are quite regular); -ḳ in Tab. is a former diminutive suffix (cf. Kand. χʷan without it, and related Ag. forms: Fit. χʷanḳ-ar, Bursh. χanḳʷ-ar). The word belongs to the 3d class in Rut., but to the 4th class in Arch.

    See Хайдаков 1973, 73.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *xʷA

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 mountain 2 hill

Abkhaz: a-χʷǝ́ 2

Abaza: χwa 1,2

Ubykh: ʎa-xá 1

Comments: PAT *xʷA (cf. also Bz. a-xʷǝ́). For the first part of the Ub. compound see *ʎ́A.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xŋwănV́

Meaning: height; mountain

North Caucasian: *fănV

Sino-Tibetan: *ŋā̆m

Burushaski: *hun

Basque: *oi=han

Comments and references : WFR 55, DCE 20, BCD 31. [For Bur. cf. alternatively *Hăχ_VnV `log, beam'; in that case perhaps bun `mountain' should be compared?]

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ŋā̆m

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: high, rocky

Chinese: 巖 *ŋrām, *ŋ(r)ǝm rocky, lofty, precipitous.

Tibetan: rŋams height.

Comments: Coblin 93.

Chinese characters :

Character: 巖

Modern (Beijing) reading: yán

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋrām

Classic Old Chinese: ŋrām

Western Han Chinese: ŋrām

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋrām

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋạ̄m

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋạ̄m

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋạ̄m

Middle Chinese: ŋạm

English meaning : rocky, lofty, precipitous; be high

Russian meaning[s]: 1) утес, скала; обрыв; скалистый; 2) отвесный, неприступный, опасный; 3) уединенный

Comments: Also read *ŋ(r)ǝm, MC ŋim id. For *ŋ- cf. Xiamen giam², Chaozhou ŋan², Fuzhou ŋie², Jianou ŋaŋ².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 46

Four-angle index: 6184

Karlgren code: 0607 l

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2552

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 巖

MC description : 咸開二平銜疑

ZIHUI: 1554 1896

Beijing: ian 12

Jinan: iã 12

Xi'an: iã 12

Taiyuan: iɛ 1

Hankou: ian 12

Chengdu: ŋai 12

Yangzhou: î̃ 12

Suzhou: ńî 12

Wenzhou: ŋa 12

Changsha: ŋai 12

Shuangfeng: ŋã 12

Nanchang: ńiɛn 31

Meixian: ŋam 12

Guangzhou: ŋām 12

Xiamen: gam 12 (lit.); giam 12

Chaozhou: ŋan 12

Fuzhou: ŋieŋ 12

Shanghai: ńî 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: am 12

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *hun

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: wood

Yasin: hun

Hunza: hun

Nagar: hun

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *oi=han

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 forest, woods 2 desert 3 mountain

Bizkaian: (arc) ojan 2

Gipuzkoan: oian 1

High Navarrese: (arc) oian 3

Low Navarrese: oihan 1

Salazarese: oian 1

Lapurdian: oihan 1

Baztanese: oian 1

Zuberoan: óihan 1

Roncalese: oian 1, (Uztárroz) oxan 1

Comments: Bouda (1949) compared Bsq + Chechen ħun, etc.

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