Tsezian etymology : List with all references

Proto-North Caucasian: *rħăƛwV̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: milk

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *rVxwV

Proto-Tsezian: *reʎ: B

Proto-Dargwa: *daki ( ~ t:-)

Proto-Lezghian: *jiʎʷa-l

Proto-West Caucasian: *ƛǝ

Notes: The correspondence between PEC *rħăƛwV and PWC *ƛǝ is quite plausible (except for the somewhat unclear loss of labialisation in PWC). Other attempts of comparison for the WC form (either with Georg. rʒe, Svan. lǝǯe 'milk' - see Charaya 1912, 41, or with Chech. šura, And. š:iwu 'milk', Cham. s:ara 'sour milk' [let us note that these forms have also nothing to do with each other] etc. - see Trubetzkoy 1930, 85; Balkarov 1964, 99) are unacceptable. Abdokov compares the WC form with PEC *nħĕƛ̣V 'milk' (q.v.), which seems less plausible than the comparison with *rħăƛwV because of the unexplained loss of glottalisation in PWC.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *rVxwV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: milk

Avar: rax

Chadakolob: rax

Comments: Av. paradigm A (gen. ráx-dal) (but Chad. B~C: gen. rax-dúl).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *daki ( ~ t:-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fat (n.)

Akusha: daki

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *jiʎʷa-l

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: butter

Agul: ifal

Rutul: juxlad-χIarad

Comment: The Rut. form belongs to the Shinaz dialect (cited from Ibragimov 1978); it is a compound with χIarad 'butter'. Cf. also Rut. Ikhr. (ibid.) jiflad-χIarad, Ag. Bursh. ifal 'butter'.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ƛǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: milk

Abkhaz: á-χ-š

Abaza: χšǝ

Adyghe: š́a

Kabardian: ša

Comments: PAT *xǝ in several compounds: *xǝ-šǝ 'milk' (lit. 'white xǝ'; besides the listed forms cf. also Bz. á-xš); *xǝ-zǝ 'whey' (lit. 'strained xǝ') > Abkh. á-χaz, Bz. á-xǝz, Abaz. χzǝ; cf. also Abkh. Bz. a-x-raʒ́á-ga 'milk filter', Abaz. χǝ-rč̣ʷǝ 'sour milk' etc.

PAK *č́a 'milk'.

See Shagirov 2, 137. The seemingly obvious relationship of PAK *č́a and Ub. č́a 'milk' is actually somewhat more complicated. A regular Ubykh reflex of PWC *ƛǝ would be š́a; that is why the Ub. č́a matches not this root, but rather PAT *č́ǝ 'udder' (q.v.). The meaning of Ub. č́a could have been influenced by Adygh forms. Abdokov (1983, 134-135) prefers to reconstruct WC *č́a while comparing PAK *č́a 'milk' with Abaz. (Ashkh.) č́ata, Abkh. a-χ-č̣́át 'sour cream, cream' ( = PAK *č́ata > Ad. š́āta, Kab. šāta id.)., cf. also Ub. č́ātá id. It is, however, most probable that all AT forms and the Ub. form are later loanwords from Adygh (see Shagirov 2, 136 with literature).

PAT *xǝ-šǝ 'milk' is an exact match for PAK *č́ǝ-xʷǝ ( > Kab. šxʷǝ; also with metathesis *č́xǝwǝ > Ad. š́xǝwǝ) 'sour milk', going back to a PWC compound *ƛǝ-ʎʷǝ 'white milk' (see Shagirov 2, 140); which is why Abdokov's separate comparison of PAK *-xʷǝ in this compound with Av. rax is unacceptable.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ŕħăƛwV̆́

Meaning: liquid; milk

North Caucasian: *rħăƛwV̆

Sino-Tibetan: *rj₁iak

Yenisseian: *ŕoq-

Burushaski: *díltar

Comments and references : LV A26, LDC 33.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rj₁ak

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: thick fluid, liquid grease

Chinese: 液 *liak fluid, moisture.

Tibetan: źag fat, grease (in a liquid state).

Burmese: panh-rak, wat-rak essence or juice of flowers.

Lushai: sa-hriak oil, grease.

Comments: Ben. 48.

Chinese characters :

Character: 液

Modern (Beijing) reading: yè

Preclassic Old Chinese: l(h)iak

Classic Old Chinese: l(h)iak

Western Han Chinese: l(h)iak

Eastern Han Chinese: ź(h)iak

Early Postclassic Chinese: ź(h)jek

Middle Postclassic Chinese: j(h)jek

Late Postclassic Chinese: j(h)jek

Middle Chinese: jek

English meaning : liquid, fluid, juice [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: жидкость; сок; слюна; влага; выделять жидкость; превращать в жидкость, разжижать

Comments: There is also a reading MC śek (Tsiyün), OC *sliak 'to be soaked' (attested in L.Chou).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 85

Four-angle index: 6345

Karlgren code: 0800 n-o

Vietnamese reading: dịch