Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ħas:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sky, cloud, fog

Tsezi: as

Ginukh: as

Khvarshi: as

Inkhokvari: as

Bezhta: has

Gunzib: has

Comments: PTsKh *ʔas, PGB *has. Used also in compound with PTs *mus: A 'smoke, fog' q.v.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʡăms_a (~ -ǝ,-ɨ)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sky, cloud; soul, breath; god

Proto-Nakh: *ʔas-ar

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʔas:V (~-o-)

Proto-Tsezian: *ħas:

Proto-Lak: as(:)

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔams:

Proto-West Caucasian: *pǝsA

Notes: An important common NC root, basically meaning 'sky' but with original religious and mystic connotations. There are no nominal reflexes in PD, but since the meanings 'breath, to breathe' and 'to get tired' often interchange, it seems tempting to compare also Darg. Ur. =amsVr / = ums- 'to be tired, get tired'.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʔas-ar

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: inspiration

Chechen: asar

Comments: Isolated within Nakh, but with reliable external parallels.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʔas:V (~-o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 breath 2 prestige, dignity

Avar: as: 2

Akhvakh: as:i 1

Comments: In Av. a secondary meaning development (*spirit > moral, dignity); note that this root has moral/religious connotations also in other languages.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: as(:)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nobility, conscience; a heathen deity

Lak form: as

Comments: 3d class. Intensity of s unclear (gen. as-li-l with neutralization).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔams:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 raincloud 2 cloud

Tabasaran: ams 1

Agul: ams-ar 2 (Fit.)

Rutul: asɨj 2 (Khniukh)

Udi: haso 2

Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. ams:a, Khür. ams:, Ud. Nidzh. asoj (in Rut. and Ud. there is a *-j suffix). 4th class in Rut.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *pǝsA

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: soul, spirit

Abkhaz: a-psǝ́

Abaza: psǝ

Adyghe: psa

Kabardian: psa

Ubykh: psa

Comments: Cf. also Bz. a-psǝ́, Ub. def. a-psá. In PAK the derivate adjective *psá-wǝ 'alive, healthy' had acquired also the meaning 'whole, all' (see Шагиров 2, 14), although later these meanings became phonetically slightly differentiated - probably due to different syntactic accentuation (Ad. psaw 'alive', psāw 'whole', pstaw 'all' /with a not quite clear -t-/, Kab. psaw 'alive', psow 'whole', pso 'all').

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʡá̆msɨ

Meaning: soul, breath; god, sky

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʡăms_a (~ -ǝ,-ɨ)

Sino-Tibetan: *sɨā

Yenisseian: *ʔes

Burushaski: *-́s

Basque: *ɦaise

Comments and references : One of the exceptional cases where NC tense does not correspond to PY -ʔ-.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *sɨā

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: live, breathe

Chinese: 蘇 *sā revive.

Tibetan: ãcho (p., i. sos) to live, gson to live, be alive; gso nourish; bring up, rear

Lushai: tho (thōk) to breathe, respire.

Comments: PG *so(n) to live; Yamphu sa:-ma to breathe. STEDT 144-145 (*g-sow 'rear (child)', 'bear (child)') includes Tib. gso-ba, as well as Ao Naga so 'give birth', Lolo-Burmese [*šu], as well as forms from Damu, Milang, Sangtam, Yimchungrü, Muya and Trung; note that there may be some interaction with *śū 'grandchild' q.v.

Chinese characters :

Character: 蘇

Modern (Beijing) reading: sū

Preclassic Old Chinese: sā

Classic Old Chinese: sā

Western Han Chinese: sā

Eastern Han Chinese: sā

Early Postclassic Chinese: sō

Middle Postclassic Chinese: sō

Late Postclassic Chinese: sō

Middle Chinese: so

English meaning : a k. of tree (in a compound)

Russian meaning[s]: 1) сокр. СССР; советский; 2) сокр. пров. Цзянсу; г. Сучжоу; 3) бот. мелисса китайская (Perilla nankinensis); 4) оживать, возвращаться к жизни; пробуждаться от спячки; приходить в себя; 5) размякнуть, раскиснуть, см. 酥; 6) Су (фамилия)

Comments: Also used for a homonymous *sā 'to revive; tremble, fear' (in Chuci also 'take').

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 5412

Karlgren code: 0067 a-b

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2487

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 蘇

MC description : 遇合一平模心

ZIHUI: 5685 0839

Beijing: su 11

Jinan: su 11

Xi'an: sou 11

Taiyuan: su 1

Hankou: sou 11

Chengdu: su 11

Yangzhou: su 11

Suzhou: sǝu 11

Wenzhou: so_y 11

Changsha: sôu 11

Shuangfeng: sǝu 11

Nanchang: su 11

Meixian: si_ 11

Guangzhou: šou 11

Xiamen: sɔ 11

Chaozhou: sou 11

Fuzhou: su 11

Shanghai: su 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: su 1

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔes

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: God, sky

Ket: ēś, pl. eśáŋ / eśa:ŋ³

Yug: es, pl. ese:ŋ³

Kottish: ēš, pl. ēčán; (Бол.) eš

Arin: es (М, Сл, Кл, Срсл, Ф, Лоск), eš (Стр)

Pumpokol: eč (Сл, Срсл, Кл) 'sky', eg (Сл, Срсл, Кл) 'God' [the variation -č / -g reflects an articulation like -ć, cf. also -it in ur-áit 'rain' < *xur-ʔes].

Comments: ССЕ 188. Cf. also: Kott. ečā (dat.) 'upwards', ečāl (loc.) 'above'; Ass. öš (М, Сл, Срсл, Кл), eč (Кл), aš-parán (Сл) 'sky', ös, öš (М, Сл, Кл, Ф), eč (Кл), es, eš (Срсл, Ф) 'God'; Kam. eš (Стр), Koib. eš (Мес, П, Ф), Ed. oješ (Мес) 'God'. In Pump. cf. also lɨcɨ (Стр.) 'devil' = Ket. Imb. ĺɨtiś 'wood devil' ('mountain' + 'God'). Werner 1, 272-273 *es.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *-́s

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: heart, soul

Yasin: -́s

Hunza: -́s

Nagar: -́s

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *ɦaise

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wind

Araban: axe

Bizkaian: axe

Gipuzkoan: aize

High Navarrese: aize

Low Navarrese: aize

Salazarese: aize

Lapurdian: haize

Baztanese: aize

Aezkoan: aize

Zuberoan: áize

Roncalese: aize

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVMSV

Meaning : soul, breath

Eurasiatic : Alt. *mùsi 'steam, spirit'

Sino-Caucasian : *ʡá̆msɨ

Austric : AN *pu-su, Tai *caɨ heart (?)

Amerind (misc.) : *matiḳ (actually *mVCiḳ) 'smell' (R 654) [+ A K]

Notes : IE *Hans- may be < NC.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *(pu)su

Meaning: heart

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Miao-Yao parallels: *sa liver

Proto-Austronesian: *pusu

Austronesian meaning: heart (not in B)

Proto-Thai: *caɨ heart

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