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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *=eḳ- ( ~ -ẽ-)
Meaning: to speak, say
Bezhta: =eḳ- (Khosh.)
Comments: Attested only in Bezht., but having probable external parallels.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-bzt,cezet-comment,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=ilḳwVn
Meaning: to recite, talk ( > to write)
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The root is spread mostly in the Eastern Dagestan area.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-cez,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *=VlḳʷVn-
Meaning: to write
Chiragh: =elḳVn- / luḳ-
Comments: Cf. also Ur. =ilḳʷVn- / luḳ- id.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔilḳʷan
Meaning: 1 to speak, talk 2 to write 3 speaking, telling
Lezghian: lüḳün- 1
Tabasaran: =iḳ- 2
Agul: liḳan- 2 (Bursh.)
Tsakhur: o=ḳan- 2
Udi: uk:al 3
Comment: See Лексика 1971, 261; Хайдаков 1973, 134.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-cak,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: liḳ́u-
North Caucasian etymology: 1952
Meaning: to learn; to read; to sing
Khinalug form: liḳ́u-wi
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ɫVḳwV́
Meaning: to recite
Comments and references : NSC 58 *-lVḳwV. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lōk (k-)
Meaning: recite, give notice
Tibetan: klog (p. (b)klags, f. (b)klag, i. klog, lhogs) to read; cf. also zlug (p. bzlugs, f. bzlug) to give notice, send word.
Burmese: hljauk ask, tell, petition.
Kachin: khjok3 to present a petition.
Lushai: thlūk tune, accent, intonation.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 讀
Modern (Beijing) reading: dú
Preclassic Old Chinese: lhōk
Classic Old Chinese: lhōk
Western Han Chinese: lhōk
Eastern Han Chinese: lhōk
Early Postclassic Chinese: dhōk
Middle Postclassic Chinese: dhōk
Late Postclassic Chinese: dhwōk
Middle Chinese: duk
English meaning : to recite
Russian meaning[s]: 1) читать (вслух), декламировать; оглашать, зачитывать; 2) заучивать (зазубривать) наизусть; 3) изучать; учить; критически оценивать; [dòu] речение, фраза; синтагма, речевой интонационный отрезок
Comments: Regular Sino-Viet. is d_ộc. Also read *lhōk-s, MC dл̀w, Mand. dòu, Viet. d_ậu 'phrase, expression, smth. recited' (a late attested reading, but the derivational model is archaic). For *lh- cf. Xiamen, Chaozhou thak8, Fuzhou thök8, thuk8.
Radical: 149
Four-angle index: 7970
Karlgren code: 1023 m
Vietnamese reading: d_ọc
Shijing occurrences: 46.3_
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 2545
Character: 讀
MC description : 通合一入屋定
ZIHUI: 6236 0795
Beijing: tu 12
Jinan: tu 2
Xi'an: tou 12
Taiyuan: tuǝʔ 42
Hankou: tou 12
Chengdu: tu 12
Yangzhou: tɔʔ 4
Suzhou: doʔ 42
Wenzhou: du 42
Changsha: tôu 4
Shuangfeng: thǝu 31
Nanchang: thuk 41
Meixian: thuk 42
Guangzhou: tuk 42
Xiamen: thɔk 42
Chaozhou: thak 42
Fuzhou: tuʔ 42
Shanghai: toʔ 42
Zhongyuan yinyun: tu 41
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *-híliki-n-
Meaning: to esteem, honour
Yasin: -hílikin-
Hunza: -ílikin-
Nagar: -ílikin-
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : LVKV
Meaning : to collect, count
Amerind (misc.) : ? *ʎaq 'name; call' (R 493) [+ A K] globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *lVkV
Meaning: to collect, count
References: МССНЯ 366; ND 1274 *lukE 'to gather' (+ err. Alt. and Sem.). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-ura,nostret-chuk,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *leg'-
Meaning: to gather
Old Greek: légō, -omai̯, aor. léksai, -asthai̯, elégmǟn (Hom.), lékto (Hom.), ps. lekhthē̂nai̯, pf. lélegmai̯, di-ẹ̄́legmai̯, sün-ẹ̄́lokha `auflesen, sammeln; zählen, auf-, erzählen', logǟ́ f. `Berücksichtigung, Art', lógo-s m. `das Berechnen, Rechenschaft, Berechnung, Ansehen, Grund, Vernunft; das Sprechen, Rede, Wort, Erzählung, Schrift', léksi-s f. `Rede, Redeweise, Stil, (besonderes ) Wort', lṓgǟ f. `kalámǟ, kài sünagōgḕ sítou' (Hsch.), lōgáō <elṓgē = élegen> (Hsch.)
Latin: legō, -ere, lēgī, lēctum `auflesen, zusammenlesen, sammeln (flōrēs, ossa etc.); auslesen, auswählen; durchlaufen, entlanggehen; lesen', legiō, -ōnis f. `ausgehobene Mannschaft, Legion', legulus, -ī m. `Aufleser, Sammler', ēlegāns `wählerisch, geschmackvoll'
Other Italic: Osk leginum `legiōnem', Paelign lexe `legistis ?'
Albanian: mbĺeɵ `sammle, ernte, versammle', prt. mbĺoδa, pass. bmĺiδem
Russ. meaning: собирать
References: WP II 422
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-greek,piet-lat,piet-ital,piet-alb,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 501
Proto: *luke
English meaning: number; to count
German meaning: Zahl, Anzahl; zählen, rechnen
Finnish: luke- 'rechnen, zählen, lesen', luku 'Zahl, Zählung, Berechnung'
Estonian: luge- 'lesen; zählen; berechnen, schätzen', lugu 'Geschichte, Erzählung, Lied; Zahl'
Saam (Lapp): lǫge -kk- (N), låkēv (L), loikke (T), loikk (Kld.), loihk (Not. A) 'zehn', lǫkke -g- (N), låhkē (L) 'ten altogether', lḁkk (T), loahk (Kld. Not.), lokk (A) 'Zahl, Rechnung, Rechenschaft', lǫkkâ- -g- (N) 'read, tell', låhkå- (L) 'lesen, lernen', lokki̊- (T), lokke- (Kld.), lohke- (Not.), lokkø- (A) 'lesen, zählen, rechnen'
Mordovian: lovo- (E), luvo- (M) 'lesen, rechnen, ansehen'
Mari (Cheremis): lu (KB U B) 'zehn', lǝ̑δa- (KB), luδa- (U B) 'zählen, rechnen, lesen'
Udmurt (Votyak): li̮d (S), lǝ̑d (K), lị̑d (G) 'Zahl, Anzahl', li̮dǯ́- (S), lǝ̑dǯ́-, lǝ̑gǯ́- (K), lị̑d́d́jị̑- (Uf.) 'zählen, rechnen'
Komi (Zyrian): li̮d (S), vi̮d (P) 'Zahl, Rechnung', li̮d́ji̮- (S), vi̮d́d́i̮- (P) 'zählen, rechnen, lesen', lød́d́i- 'rechnen, zählen'
Khanty (Ostyak): лŏŋǝt- (Trj.), tŏŋǝt- (DN), luŋǝt- (O) 'lesen, rechnen' ?
Mansi (Vogul): low (TJ KU P So.) 'zehn', lowǝnt- (KU P), lowint- 'zählen, rechnen, lesen'
Hungarian: olvas- 'lesen, zählen' ?
Nenets (Yurak): lāχnā- 'sprechen'
Sammalahti's version: FU *luki-
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-saa,uralet-mrd,uralet-mar,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,uralet-khn,uralet-man,uralet-ugr,uralet-nen,uralet-samm2,
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Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *lkeju-
Meaning (Rus.): размышлять
kamet-prnum,kamet-meaning,kamet-chuk,kamet-itel,
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Chukchee-Koryak etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ǝckeʒu- (~ -ɫ́k-)
Meaning (Rus.): разум, мысль 1, умный 2, прийти в себя 3, жизненная сила 4, думать, мыслить 5
Chukchee: cǝkájoŋ adv., -tkɛj- 2, c(ǝ)kɛ́j-ɛw- 3, tɛ-tkɛ́juŋ 4
Koryak: ce-ckéju-ŋ 1, 2, ce-ckéju-ŋ- 5
Palan: te/a-t́keju-ŋ-, ce-ckeju-ŋ- 2
Alutor: ta-tkaju-ŋ 1
Comments: См. *ǝkʒu- 'бодрствовать'(*ǝkʒ-eb-) (622).
chuket-prnum,chuket-meaning,chuket-chu,chuket-kor,chuket-pal,chuket-alu,chuket-comments,
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Itelmen etymology :
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Proto-Itelmen: *kojo-s(e)-
Meaning (Rus.): сомневаться
Itelmen meaning: сомневаться
itelet-prnum,itelet-meaning,itelet-itemea,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *lak-
Meaning: think
Notes: CHECK LEC
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-egy,afaset-cch,afaset-lec,afaset-hec,afaset-notes,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: nkꜣ (MK)
Meaning: 'think'
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *lak- dubious
Meaning: 'think'
Gisiga: lak
Notes: Gis lak may originate from *nVk as well, cp. prob. ECh Bidiya nák 'surveillet, observer'. Eg may < *nkr, -kr
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-gis,cchet-notes,
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Low East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-Low East Cushitic: *lak(k)-
Meaning: 'esteem smth. as; count'
Oromo (Galla): lakkaaʷa
lecet-prnum,lecet-meaning,lecet-oro,
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High East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-High East Cushitic: *lakkaʔ-
Meaning: 'measure' (v.)
Sidamo: lakkaʔ-
hecet-prnum,hecet-meaning,hecet-sid,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *lVk
Meaning: glance
Proto-Austroasiatic: *lɨǝk Austroasiatic meaning: glance, look
Proto-Austronesian: *tilik (not in B)
Austronesian meaning: to glance, glimpse
Proto-Thai: hlɨak to stare CK
References: P-164
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-tai,austr-bibl,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *lɨǝk
Meaning: look
Thai: hlɨak to stare CK
Khmer: krǝḷǝ:k
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-kmr,
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