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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *buk: ( ~ -g)
Meaning: some wild animal
Akusha: -bug
Comments: The root is used only within the compound dugeli-bug 'badger' (see PEC *dVlVgV for the first part).
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-comment,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *bHV̆rgĂ
Meaning: a beast of prey
Notes: The root is well attested in WC, but has left only faint traces in EC languages (Chech. and Darg., both only in compounds). Still the NC reconstruction seems rather probable, and EC languages have probably lost the root because the particular beast of pray (jackal?), denoted by the root in PNC, was not spread in the mountains of East Caucasus. It is interesting to note similar words in other languages of the East: cf. Sum. pirig 'lion', Old Indian vyāghrá- 'tiger' (whence Arm. vagr) etc.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-darg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *b(ɦ)erg (~-ʕ-,-ḳ)
Meaning: ounce, snow leopard
Chechen: c̣oq̇-berg
Comments: A compound with c̣oq̇ 'panther, ounce' (q.v.).
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *bIaga
Meaning: 1 jackal 2 fox
Abkhaz: á-bga 1
Abaza: baga 2
Adyghe: bāǯ́a 2
Kabardian: bāža 2
Ubykh: bIaǵá-šʷ 1
Comments: PAT *bVga; PAK *baǯ́á. The development *g > *ǯ́ in PAK is not clear (the antiquity of *ǯ́ in Adyg is proved by the Ubykh loanword baǯ́á 'fox'); nevertheless, the regular correspondence PAT *bVga : Ub. bIaǵa- leaves no doubt in the reconstruction of PWC *bIaga.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *bHV̆rgĂ
Meaning: a k. of predator
Sino-Tibetan: OC *prāk
Comments and references : LV C3.
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-notes,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : PVRV
Meaning : dog, wolf
Amerind (misc.) : *puku 'dog' (R 185) (cf. also *pura 'fox; dog, wolf' R 293) globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-amer,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *bVrV
Meaning: a k. of predator
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-drav,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *bher-
Meaning: bear
Old Indian: bhalla-ḥ m., bhallaka- m., bhallū̆ka- m. `Bar̈' (< *bher-n-?)
Russ. meaning: зверек (медведь)
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: берло́га,
Near etymology: диал. мерло́га, мерлу́га - то же, русск.-цслав. бьрлогъ, укр. берло́га "соломенная подстилка, скверная постель", болг. бърло́к "мусор, мутные помои", сербохорв. бр́лог "свинарник, логово, мусорная свалка", брльог -- то же, словен. brlòg, род. brlǫ́ga "пещера, убежище", чеш. brloh "логово, хибара", польск. barɫóg, род. -ogu "соломенная подстилка, мусор, нечистоты", в.-луж. borɫoh, н.-луж. barɫog "соломенная подстилка".
Further etymology: Вместе с сербохорв. бр́љати "путать, пачкать", бр̀љага "лужа", болг. бъ́рлок "лужа" эти слова, по-видимому, связаны с лит. bur̃las "грязь, кал", burlungis "топкое место" (см. Буга, РФВ 70, 102); далее сюда относят греч. φορύνω "перемешивать, марать, пачкать", φορύσσω -- то же, φορυτός "смесь всяких ненужных вещей, дребедень, мусор, отбросы, мякина"; см. Бернекер 1, 120; Младенов 54; Ягич, AfslPh 30, 294. Еще более сомнительны др. предположения: против объяснения сложением с -logъ см. Ягич, там же. Столь же ошибочно пытались выделить в этом слове bьr-, якобы родственное нем. Bär "медведь", др.-инд. bhallas, bhallakas "медведь", лит. bė́ras "коричневый", Уленбек (Aind. Wb. 197) и Торп (263). Другие неверно предполагали заимств. из нем. Bärenloch или Bärenlager (см. Карлович 35; Корбут 385). Неудачно сравнение Остгофа (Morph. Unters. 4, 215) с бровь, откуда первонач. знач. "ущелье с краями, похожими на брови" (против см. Уленбек, РВВ 20, 37 и сл.); фонетически невозможно сопоставление Соболевского (ЖМНП, 1886, сентябрь, стр. 148) со ст.-слав. брьниѥ. Неубедительно также предположение Ягича (AfslPh 20, 536) о сложении *bьr- (из berǫ) и logъ, откуда bьrlogъ "выбранная стоянка, логово" (иначе Ягич, AfslPh 30, 294). Нужно также отвергнуть гипотетическую праформу *nьrilogъ (Шуман, AfslPh 30, 294) якобы от ныря́ть и родственных.
Trubachev's comments: [Гипотезу об ир. происхождении слав. *bŕ̥logъ см. Мошинский, Zasiąg, стр. 130 -- 131. -- Т.]
Pages: 1,158-159
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-trubachev,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *gal̃sa- c.
Meaning: echo
Lithuanian: gal̃sa-s 'Widerhall'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *birēn, *birōn; *birnu-z, *birniō; *bársin
Meaning: bear
Old Norse: bjɔrn m. `Bär'; bera f. `Bärin'; bersi, bessi m. `Bär', birna f. `Bärin'
Norwegian: björn, bjönn `Bär'; bera `Bärin', dial. besse `grosse, starke Person'; birna, binna `Bärin'
Old Swedish: birna `Bärin'
Swedish: björn `Bär', bjässe `starker Kerl', dial. bjässe `Bär',
Danish: björn
Old English: bera, -an m. `bear'; beorn (biorn), -es m. `man; prince, nobleman, chief, general, warrior, soldier; rich'
English: bear
Middle Dutch: bere
Dutch: beer m.
Middle Low German: bāre, bār, bēre
Old High German: bero (8.Jh.)
Middle High German: bër wk. m. 'bär'
German: Bär m.
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-oswed,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 233
Root: bher-5
English meaning: shining; brown
German meaning: `glänzend, hellbraun'
General comments: Erweiterungen unseres bher- scheinen bhereĝ-, bherek̂- `glänzen'.
Derivatives: bhē̆ro-s, bheru-s, vielfach von braunen Tieren; redupl. bhe-bhru-s, bhe-bhro-s `braun; Biber'; no-Bildungen: bhre-no-, bhro-no- und (*bheru-s:) bhrou-no-, bhrū-no- `braun'
Material: Ai. bhalla-ḥ, bhallaka-ḥ bhallū̆ka-ḥ `Bär' (-ll- aus -rl-); ahd. bero, ags. bera `Bär' (*bheron-), aisl. biǫrn ds. (*bhernu-, dessen u wie das ū̆ von ai. bhallū̆ka-ḥ aus dem St. *bheru- stammen mag) = ags. beorn `Krieger, Häuptling'; aisl. bersi `Bär' (s wie in Fuchs: got. fauhō, Luchs: schwed. lo); ablaut. lit. bė́ras, lett. bę̃rs `braun (von Pferden)'; gr. φάρη νεφέλαι Hes.? (*φαρε[σ]a oder *φάρεα? Letzternfalls genau zu:) φαρύνει λαμπρύνει Hes., φρύ̄νη, φρυ̃νος `Kröte, Frosch' (* `die braune' = ahd. brūn); ob φάρη als `Wolkendecke' zu 7.bher-?
nep. bhuro `braun' (*bhrūro-); ahd. mhd. brūn `glänzend, braun', ags. brūn, aisl. brūnn ds.; russ. mdartl. bryně́tъ `weiß, grau schimmern', ablautend bruně́tъ ds. (*bhrou-no-?) und (aus *bhr-ono-, -eno-) russ.-ksl. bronъ `weiß; bunt (von Pferden)', russ. bronь (und mdartl. brynь), klr. breńíty `falb werden, reifen', aksl. brьnije (brenije) `Kot', slov. br̂n `Flußschlamm';
ai. babhrú-ḥ `rotbraun; große Ichneumonart', av. bawra-, bawri- `Biber'; lat. fiber, fibrī `Biber' (auch feber s. WH. I 491; wohl i geneuert für e, wie auch) kelt. (nur in Namen): *bibros, *bibrus in gall. ON und FlN Bibracte, abrit. VN Bibroci, mir. VN Bibraige (*bibru-rīgion), PN Bibar (*Bibrus) neben *bebros in gall. FlN *Bebrā, frz. Bièvre; Bebronnā, frz. Beuvronne, Brevenne usw.; ahd. bibar, ags. beofor (ältest bebr), mnd. bever, aisl. biōrr ds. (urg. *ƀeƀru-); vgl.auch nhd. FlN Bever, alt Biverna;
lit. bẽbras, bãbras, bẽbrus ds. (dissimil. debrùs u. dgl.), apr. bebrus ds.; über lit. bruĩšis usw. `leuciscus rutilus', apr. brun-se ds. s. Specht Dekl. 120;
slav. *bebrъ in poln. FlN Biebrza, russ. usw. bobr (zur o-Red. s. Berneker 47; daneben vielleicht*bъbrъ in skr. dȁbar `Biber' und aruss. bebrjanъ `aus Biberpelz'). Vgl. noch lat. fibrīnus `vom Biber', volsk. Fibrēnus Bachname, av. bawraini- `vom Biber'; ahd. bibarīn, gall. bebrinus (Schol. Iuv.), lit. bẽbrinis ds.;
toch. B perne, A parno `leuchtend', davon B perne, A paräṃ `Würde'.
References: WP. II 166 f., WH. I 490 f., Van Windekens Lexique 93.
See also: Vgl. ferner bhel-1 mit ähnlicher Bedeutung.
Pages: 136-137
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-comments,pokorny-derivative,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-seealso,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *bī́re
Meaning: a k. of predator
Russian meaning: вид хищника
Comments: A Western isogloss. KW 42, Лексика 160. In Turk. one has to suppose a secondary assimilation < *bērü. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *bȫrü
Meaning: wolf
Russian meaning: волк
Old Turkic: böri (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.)
Turkish: börü (dial.)
Tatar: büre
Uzbek: bọri
Uighur: böri
Sary-Yughur: böji, peri
Turkmen: bȫrü
Khakassian: pǖr
Oyrat: börü
Halaj: bīeri
Chuvash: pirǝ
Yakut: börö
Dolgan: börö
Tuva: börü, dial. (Todzh.) börük
Tofalar: börü
Kirghiz: börü
Kazakh: böri
Noghai: böri
Bashkir: büre
Balkar: börü
Karaim: börü
Karakalpak: böri
Kumyk: börü
Comments: EDT 356, VEWT 84, TMN 2, 333, ЭСТЯ 2, 219-221, Лексика 160, Stachowski 63. The hypothesis of the word being borrowed from an East Iranian source runs into difficulties, basically because of the lack of early attested forms with -k (only in Tuva dialects and the hypothetical Bulgar source of Russ. бирюк (cf. Аникин 128-129)). See also Аб. 1, 263 (isn't the East Iranian form itself < Turkic?) turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *ber-
Meaning: young of wolf
Russian meaning: волчонок
Written Mongolian: beltereg (L 98: belterge); berte činua, börtü (L 128) Middle Mongolian: borte čino (SH) Khalkha: beltreg
Buriat: belterge
Kalmuck: beltǝrǝg
Comments: KW 42. Mong. *beltereg is a regular metathesis < *berteleg. Mong. börtü (berte) činua is translated as 'multicolored wolf (name of the legendary ancestor of Chinggis Khan)' and börtü is glossed in L 128 as 'mottled, speckled, grey' - but in fact it is basically used with činua and is probably the original deriving stem of beltereg. -büri in MMong. ǯö'e-büri, WMong. čögebüri 'jackal' may be borrowed < Turk. (see Щербак 1997, 163). monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *birin
Meaning: female of a predator
Russian meaning: самка хищника (медведя, тигра)
Evenki: birin
Even: bịran
Negidal: bịjịn
Literary Manchu: birin ~ barin
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-man,tunget-reference,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *verVg-
Meaning : wild cat
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,dravet-ndr,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *verVg-
Meaning : wild cat
Tamil : veruku
Tamil meaning : tom-cat, wild cat; toddy cat, Paradoxurus niger
Malayalam : veruku, viruku, meruku
Malayalam meaning : civet cat
Kannada : berku, bekku
Kannada meaning : cat
Kodagu : bekkɨ
Kodagu meaning : jungle cats of various species
Tulu : beru
Tulu meaning : marten, (B-K) wild cat
Notes : Malayalam viruku, meruku are unclear dialectal forms.
Number in DED : 5490
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-kt,sdret-notes,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *verk
Meaning : flying-fox
Toda : peṣk
Number in DED : 5490
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-toda,ktet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *verig
Meaning : cat
Ollari Gadba : vērig
Salur Gadba : verrig (pl. vergīl), verig (pl. vergil)
Number in DED : 5490
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-ollari,kogaet-salur,kogaet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ver/V/k-
Meaning : wild cat
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,
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Gondi etymology :
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Proto-Gondi : *verk-āṛ
Meaning : cat; mongoose
Betul Gondi : warkār "mongoose"
Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : varkār "wild cat"
Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : varkār "wild cat"
Seoni Gondi : verkaṛ "cat"
Koya Gondi : verkaṛ "cat"
Yeotmal Gondi : verkaṛ "cat"
Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : verkāṛ "cat"
Adilabad Gondi : verkāṛ "cat"
Number in DED : 5490
Number in CVOTGD : 3289
gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_tr,gonet-gondi_w,gonet-gondi_ph,gonet-gondi_s,gonet-gondi_ko,gonet-gondi_y,gonet-gondi_m,gonet-gondi_a,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,
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North Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-North-Dravidian : *berqā
Meaning : cat
Kurukh : berxā
Malto : berge
Number in DED : 5490
ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-kur,ndret-mlt,ndret-dednum,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ba(ʔ)rVw/y-
Meaning: wolf, hyena, jackal
Notes: Cf. HSED 221 *bar- 'beast of prey': Akk.; Eg. bꜣ 'panther'; WCh.: Hs 'hyaena'; EDE II 148: Akk. ("perhaps"); Brb.; Cush.: Yaaku and Dah (both with a question mark); WCh.: Hs; C.Ch. (incl. forms like Gabin purìya and Bura mobulu which are hardly related); E.Ch.
afaset-meaning,afaset-sem,afaset-brb,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-dhl,afaset-mgg,afaset-notes,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 1369
Proto-Semitic: *barbar-
Meaning: 'wolf' 1, 'jackal' 2
Akkadian: barbaru 'wolf ' OAkk on [CAD b 108];[AHw....]; barbartu 'she-wolf' SB [CAD b 108]
Arabic: babr-, pl. bubūr- 'espèce de chacal qui conduit le lion sur la piste de la proie (en pers. tigre)' [BK 1 81] [LA IV 37]; cf. hbr 'hyena'
Notes: Unless descriptive, cf. <Sem. *bVrbVr- 'to hawl, roar', cf. EDE II 148
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-akk,semet-ara,semet-notes,
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Berber etymology :
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Proto-Berber: *bayrru (?)
Meaning: 'fox'
Shilh (Tashelhit): a-bayrru DRB 1 146
Notes: Looking like a loan-word
brbet-prnum,brbet-meaning,brbet-shl,brbet-notes,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *barVw/y-
Meaning: 'hyena' 1, (?) 'wild animal' 2
Hausa: bā́rū ́1
Ngamo: bàràyrìyà 2 Kr (otherwise <*bar(bar)- 'lion')
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-hsa,wchet-ngm,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *mburum-
Meaning: 'hyena'
Mwulyen: m̀búrmò Kr
Bachama: mburumǝy Kr
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-mwu,cchet-bch,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *ba(Ha)r-
Meaning: 'hyena' 1, 'jackal' 2
Migama: bóòrú [JMig] 1
Bidiya: bóore [JBid] 1
Mubi: bṓrì [Lk:188], Toram bara 2
Birgit: bàrá [Jg 1973 MS) 1
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-mig,echet-bid,echet-mub,echet-brg,
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Dahalo etymology :
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Dahalo: ḅṓr-a
Meaning: 'any dangerous animal'
Notes: Otherwise < *bar(bar)- 'lion'
dhlet-prnum,dhlet-meaning,dhlet-notes,
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Mogogodo etymology :
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Mogogodo: barié, pl. baria-k
Meaning: 'jackal'
Notes: Hei Ya 128
mgget-prnum,mgget-meaning,mgget-notes,
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