Lak etymology :

Lak root: aItara

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mountain stream

Lak form: aItara

Comments: Cf. also Khosr. aItala id. There exists also an Archi loanword: Arch. haItǝra 'river', pointing to a variant with *ħ- in Old Lak. or some Lak. dialect.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʁHwadVrV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: river, stream

Proto-Nakh: *ʡadurV

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʁador(V)

Proto-Lak: aItara

Proto-Dargwa: *q:I(ʷ)art: ( ~ -d)

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Some irregularities may be explained by lexical interference: -t- in Lak. is probably due to a merger with PEC *tălV ( /*lătV) 'kennel, gutter' q.v. (cf. especially the Khosr. variant aItala); *q: in PD may be due to the influence of PD *q:at:a 'ravine' ( < *G_ĕdV q.v.).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʡadurV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mountain stream (after rain or thawing)

Chechen: ʕowr-aš

Comments: The Chech. form is a pluralis tantum. The reconstruction is tentative (without Bacb. it is impossible to establish whether PN had here *-d-, *-b-, *-g- or *-w-, as well as the precise PN vowel quality and quantity).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʁado(rV)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 stream, brook 2 ravine

Andian language: ʁador 1

Akhvakh: ʁada (Tseg.) 1

Chamalal: ʁada 1

Tindi: ʁaja 1

Botlikh: ʁadaru 1

Godoberi: ʁada 2

Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Ratl. ʁarda 'stream, ravine', Cham. Gig. ʁada 'ravine'.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *q:I(ʷ)art: ( ~ -d)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: valley

Akusha: q:aIrd

Comments: Borrowed from Darg. is probably a Tab. form, isolated within Lezghian: Tab. ʁIar, Düb. q:Iar 'brook, stream' (preserving the more archaic meaning).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʁHwadV́

Meaning: river, bank

North Caucasian: *ʁHwadVrV

Yenisseian: *qVt- ~ *qVc- ( ~ *χ-)

Burushaski: *ɣónder- ?

Comments and references : MCGD 12.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *qVt- ( ~ *χ-, -c-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: shore

Ket: qatop⁶, pl. qatopaŋ⁵, qatū:ŋ³

Kottish: pan-gutu (Бол)

Comments: ССЕ 266. The comparison is acceptable if pan- (with an unclear meaning) in Kottish is the first component of a compound. Werner 2, 74.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *ɣónder- ?

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: water flowing over many stones

Yasin: ɣónderes

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