Lezghian etymology : List with all references

Proto-Lezghian: *lV / *ʔal:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 preverb "above" 2 above (adv.) 3 dem. pronoun 4 series Super

Lezghian: al-/el- 1, -l 4

Tabasaran: Vl- 1, -in / -il 4

Agul: al- 1, -l 4

Rutul: l- 1, la-ʔ 2, -la elative, comparative

Tsakhur: ali-d 2; -l (ess. II), -l-qa (all. II), -l-e (abl. II); al- 1

Kryz: li 3

Budukh: al(ad) 3

Archi: jat 2, -t:- 4

Udi: ala 2; ? -l terminative

Comment: The morpheme is very frequent in Lezg. languages. It is, first of all, used as an adverbial stem with the meaning "up, above" (in Arch. as a compound with the pronominal stem ja-) (besides Tsakh. ali-d, Arch. jat and Ud. ala cf. also Bud. la-χa). Second, in several languages it is used as a spatial preverb ("above, from above etc.") (Lezg., Ag., Tab., less frequently in Rut.). In most languages it is also used as a locative suffix of the series Super ("above smth."), cf. Lezg. -al/-el, Tab. -ʔil (a dialectal form, in lit. Tab. -ʔin with secondary nasalisation), Ag. -l, Rut. -l (with semantic transformations: presently it is used within the elative marker -l-a / -ɨl-a), Arch. -t / -t:i. Finally, in some languages *lV (*ʔal:V-) became just a demonstrative pronoun "that" or "this" (which is obviously a late semantic development < "that (above the speaker)"), thus in Ag. li 'that', Kryz. li 'this', Bud. al(ad) 'that'. See Aлексеев 1985, 75.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ƛ̣a

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: up, above (an adverbial stem)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ƛ̣a

Proto-Tsezian: *ƛ̣(ɔ)

Proto-Lak: ḳa

Proto-Dargwa: *ʔi-ḳ

Proto-Lezghian: *lV / *ʔal:V

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular, except for the PL form: here also *ƛ̣V would be expected, but it had irregularly developed into *lHV > PL *l:V, which must be explained by the auxiliary status of the morpheme.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ƛ̣a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 up, above 2 locative suffix (of series Super)

Avar: ṭa-d 1, -d- 2

Andian language: -ƛ̣a 2

Akhvakh: -ƛ̣- 2 (S.-Akhv.)

Chamalal: hi-la-h 1 (Gig.)

Tindi: -la 2

Karata: -ƛ̣a 2

Botlikh: -0- 2

Bagvalal: -la 2

Godoberi: -la 2

Comments: Cf. also Av. Ants. ƛ̣a-d 'up, above'; in the function of the locative morpheme voiced -d- is also secondary in Av. (dialects have regular reflexes -ṭ, -ʔ or -l). The adverbial usage (cf. also Av. ṭá-s:a "up, from above"; And. hi-la, Akhv. ƛ̣a-do 'up, above') clearly reflects the original status of the morpheme as a locative adverb (particle).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ƛ̣(ɔ)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: locative suffix (series Super)

Tsezi: -ƛ̣(o)

Ginukh: -ƛ̣o

Khvarshi: -ƛ̣o

Inkhokvari: -ƛ̣o

Bezhta: -ƛ̣a

Gunzib: -ƛ̣(o)

Comments: PTsKh *-ƛ̣o; PGB *ƛ̣ɔ. Cf. also PTs *ƛ̣V- as an adverbial stem: PTsKh *ƛ̣ǝ-Rǝ (Tsez. ƛ̣iri, Gin. ƛ̣ere, Inkh. ƛ̣olo), PGB *ƛ̣o-do (Bezht., Gunz. ƛ̣odo) 'up, above'.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ḳa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: that (above the speaker)

Lak form: ḳa

Comments: Cf. also Khosr. ḳʷa id. (labialisation is probably secondary, ḳʷa < *ḳV-wa).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ʔi-ḳ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: that (above the speaker)

Akusha: iḳ

Chiragh: iḳ

Comments: Cf. also Chir. ḳa-ʕ "this, that (above the speaker)".

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ƛ̣a

Meaning: up, above

North Caucasian: *ƛ̣a

Sino-Tibetan: *lă

Burushaski: *d-al

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lă

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lift, above

Chinese: 舁 *la lift.

Tibetan: bla over, above.

Chinese characters :

Character: 舁

Modern (Beijing) reading: yú

Preclassic Old Chinese: la

Classic Old Chinese: la

Western Han Chinese: la

Eastern Han Chinese: źa

Early Postclassic Chinese: źo

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jo

Late Postclassic Chinese: jo

Middle Chinese: jö

English meaning : to lift [L.Zhou]

Comments: See also 舉.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0089 a

Go-on: yo

Kan-on: yo

Japanese reading: yo;kaku