Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *p:aIl:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 forehead 2 horn

Lezghian: p:el 1

Rutul: bäl 1

Kryz: bel 1

Budukh: beliǯ 1

Archi: bat 2

Comment: Cf. also Rut. Khn. baIl, Arch. pl. bat:ur 'horns', bat-karṭi 'sinciput'. Obl. base *p:aIl:a- (cf. Lezg. p:ele-, Rut. bäli-). 4th class in Rut., Kryz. and Bud., but 3d class in Arch.

    See Талибов 1980, 274.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *bʕāɫhŏ (~-ǝ̆)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: edge, end

Proto-Nakh: *bʕāl

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *bala (~o)

Proto-Tsezian: *bil

Proto-Lezghian: *p:aIl:

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular (although there is a small discrepancy in laryngeal reflexes: we should rather expect in Avar an immobile (A) paradigm corresponding to PN *-ʕ- and PL pharyngealization).

    The original meaning must have been "edge, protruding end" preserved in PAA, whence "lip" (PTs) or "forehead" (PL); finally "end" > "game end, set" in PN. EC source is probable for Osset. bɨl / bilä 'lip', see Abayev 1958, 277-278.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *bʕāl

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: set (in a game)

Chechen: bal

Ingush: bʕal

Comments: Obl. stem *bʕālu-, cf. Chech. bōla-. 6th class in Chech. and Ing.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *bala (~o)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 crest, top 2 edge, end, corner

Avar: bal 1,2

Chamalal: bala 2

Tindi: bala 2

Comments: Av. paradigm C (balá-l, bála-l). Tind. > Inkh. bala 'edge'.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *bil

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lip

Gunzib: bil

Comments: Isolated in Gunz., but having probable external parallels.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *bʕā́ɫhŏ (~-ǝ̆)

Meaning: edge

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *bʕāɫhŏ (~-ǝ̆)

Sino-Tibetan: *phăH ( ~ bh-)

Burushaski: *bal

Basque: *beɫɦa-r̄

Comments and references : BDC 6; LDC 15 (following Bouda 1950) and MCGD 3 compare rather Tib. dpral `forehead' (?).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *phăH ( ~ bh-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cheek

Chinese: 輔 *b_aʔ upper jaw.

Burmese: pah cheek, LB *pax.

Kiranti: *phò-su

Chinese characters :

Character: 輔

Modern (Beijing) reading: fǔ

Preclassic Old Chinese: b(h)aʔ

Classic Old Chinese: b(h)á

Western Han Chinese: b(h)á

Eastern Han Chinese: b(h)wá

Early Postclassic Chinese: b(h)wó

Middle Postclassic Chinese: b(h)wó

Late Postclassic Chinese: b(h)wó

Middle Chinese: bǘ

English meaning : to help, support; support, supporter; struts

Russian meaning[s]: 1) помогать, поддерживать; помощник, консультант; 2) скулы; 3) отводы у повозки; 4) Фу (фамилия)

Comments: Used also for a homonymous *b(h)aʔ 'upper jaw'. Modern 3d tone is irregular.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 159

Four-angle index: 3652

Karlgren code: 0102 v-x

Vietnamese reading: phụ

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1922

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 輔

MC description : 遇合三上噳奉

ZIHUI: 6534 0781

Beijing: fu 2

Jinan: fu 2

Xi'an: fu 2

Taiyuan: fu 2

Hankou: fu 2

Chengdu: fu 2

Yangzhou: fu 2

Suzhou: fu 2

Wenzhou: fu 21

Changsha: fu 2

Shuangfeng: xǝu 2

Nanchang: phu 2

Meixian: fu 2

Guangzhou: fu 32

Xiamen: hu 2

Chaozhou: hu 22

Fuzhou: xu 32

Shanghai: fu 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: fu 3

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *phòsu

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: cheek

Tulung: phosü (also phosip)

Kaling: phosu

Dumi: busu

Kulung: phɔusi

Comments: Initial b- in Dumi is unclear. Toba 88 *phosu(y).

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: busu

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: cheek

Nepali: gālā.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: phɔusi

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: cheek

Nepali: gālā.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *bal

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: wall

Yasin: bal

Hunza: bal

Nagar: bal

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *beɫɦa-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 forehead 2 eyebrow 3 side, back (of mattress, pillow) 4 crust (of bread)

Bizkaian: (Ispaster, Markina) belaar 3

High Navarrese: bepelar 2

Low Navarrese: belhar 1

Salazarese: belar 1

Lapurdian: belhar, belar 1

Aezkoan: bepelar 2

Zuberoan: belar 1, ogi-belar 4

Comments: Meanings 3 and 4 are analogous to the NC meanings 'edge, end, corner' (Chamali, Tindi bala, Avar bal, etc.).

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVLV

Meaning : edge

Eurasiatic : *PVlV (but cf. also *ṗVlV)

Afroasiatic : ?? Som. bāl 'side, edge'

Sino-Caucasian : *bʕā́ɫhŏ (~-ǝ̆)

Austric : PAN *papaR, PAA *pVʔ 'cheek' ?

Notes : Probably more than one root.

Reference : ND 1697 (Som.-Nostr.).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *PVlV

Meaning: edge

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *bēle ( ~ -i)

Uralic: *pēḷe 'side' (if != *pälä 'half', see ND)

Kartvelian: ? Svan. ṗil-, bil 'edge' (if not < *ṗir-)

Comments: Esk. *pǝɫuɣ 'waist' (Mudrak's records).

References: ND 1697 *peḷʔ[e] ~ *peʔḷ[e] 'side of body, side' (? + Drav. *bēḷ- 'split pulse').

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *bēle ( ~ -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: waist, lap

Russian meaning: талия, передняя часть бедер

Turkic: *bẹ̄l(k)

Mongolian: *belkeɣü

Tungus-Manchu: *belge

Comments: Poppe 76, Дыбо 306, Мудрак Дисс. 69, Лексика 269. A Western isogloss. Doerfer (TMN 2, 416) cannot say anything but "kaum dürfte das Wort auf ein "altaisches" *belke zurückgehen". Cf. also WMong. beldüge, Kalm. böldǝgn 'die Weichen' (KW 56).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *bẹ̄l(k)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 waist 2 mountain pass, ridge 3 back

Russian meaning: 1 поясница 2 горный перевал, хребет 3 зад, сзади

Old Turkic: bẹl (Yen., OUygh.) 1, 2

Karakhanid: bẹl (MK, KB) 1

Turkish: bel 1, 2, 3

Tatar: bil 1, 2

Middle Turkic: bẹl 1 (Бор. Бад., Sangl.)

Uzbek: bel 1, 2

Uighur: bäl 1

Sary-Yughur: peĺ 1, 2

Azerbaidzhan: bel 3; 1

Turkmen: bīl 1

Khakassian: pil 3; 1, 2

Oyrat: bel 3; 1, 2

Halaj: bīel 1

Chuvash: pilǝk 1, 2, 3

Yakut: bīl 1

Tuva: bel 1, 2

Tofalar: bel 1

Kirghiz: bel 1, 2

Kazakh: bel 1, 2, 3

Noghai: bel 1, 2

Bashkir: bil 1, 2

Balkar: bel 1

Gagauz: bel 1

Karaim: bel 1, 2

Karakalpak: bel 1, 2, 3

Salar: bil 1

Kumyk: bel 1

Comments: VEWT 69, TMN 2, 416, EDT 330, ЭСТЯ 2, 135-137, Лексика 268-269, Егоров 160, Мудрак 1989, Дыбо 119-121. Turk. > Mong. bel.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *belkeɣü

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: waist

Russian meaning: поясница

Written Mongolian: belkegü-sü(n) (L 98)

Khalkha: belxǖs

Buriat: belxǖhǝ(n), belxenseg 'big belt'

Kalmuck: belkǖsṇ

Ordos: belχǖs

Comments: KW 42.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *belge

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: lap

Russian meaning: колени (передняя часть бедер при сидячем положении)

Evenki: belge

Even: bēlgъ

Negidal: belge

Ulcha: belǯe

Orok: beĺde

Nanai: belge

Udighe: bege

Comments: ТМС 1, 123.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *pVɣ (?)

Meaning: cheek

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: pVʔ

Austroasiatic meaning: cheek

Miao-Yao parallels: MY *p[ui].A chin, cheek

Proto-Austronesian: *papaR (but cf. *SipaR)

Austronesian meaning: cheek

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: pVʔ

Meaning: cheek

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Palaungic: Wa *paʔ

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong:

Meaning: cheek

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: má

Vietnamese meaning: cheek

Muong dialect: ma.3

Nguon dialect (1): ma.3

Nguon dialect (2): ma.3

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *paʔ, S-

Meaning: cheek

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *paʔ, S-

Proto-Plang: **paʔ, S-

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa:

Meaning: cheek

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: baʔ, si-

Paraok meaning: cheek

Wa: paʔ

Wa meaning: cheek

Ava: paʔ

Lawa: paʔ, sǝ-

Lawa meaning: cheek

References: D-103: *s(m)paʔ

Total pages generated Pages generated by this script 374882 3999604	Help
StarLing database server Powered by CGI scripts Copyright 1998-2003 by S. Starostin Copyright 1998-2003 by G. Bronnikov Copyright 2005-2014 by Phil Krylov