Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔIʷeƛ̣

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 grass 2 meadow 3 haying plot 4 summer pasture

Lezghian: weq̇ 1

Tabasaran: uḳ 1

Agul: uḳ́ / üḳ 1

Rutul: uq̇ 1

Tsakhur: oḳ 1

Kryz: ħuq̇ 2 (Al.)

Budukh: wuq̇ 3

Archi: joḳi 4

Udi: o / oj 1

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. wäq̇I, Tab. Düb. uḳu, Ag. Bursh. jiḳʷ, Tsakh. Gelm. oq̇ 'grass'. Obl. base *ʔIʷeƛ̣e-, cf. Lezg. weq̇i-, Ag. uḳi-, Rut. úḳu-, Tsakh. oḳa-. 4th class in Rut., Kryz., Bud. and Arch., but 3d class in Tsakh.

    See Бокарев 1961, 73, 74; Лексика 1971, 168; Гигинейшвили 1977, 104.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʔwēƛ̣V

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a k. of grass

Proto-Nakh: *jōl

Proto-Lak: huḳū

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔIʷeƛ̣

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *jōl

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hay

Chechen: jol

Ingush: jol

Batsbi: jol

Comments: Obl. base *ʔāli- (cf. Chech. ēla-, Ing. älo, Bacb. ali-). 4th class in all languages.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: huḳū

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: panicled wormwood, absinth

Lak form: huḳū

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʔwēƛ̣V́

Meaning: grass, weed

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʔwēƛ̣V

Sino-Tibetan: *l[ɨ̆]wH

Comments and references : BCD 22.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *l[ɨ̆]wH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: weed, to weed

Chinese: 莠 *luʔ weeds.

Kachin: (?) krau¹ dig out, as a worm's nest from a hollow tree.

Lushai: hlô a weed, a drug, medicine, thlo (thlawʔ) to weed, to clear of weeds; to cultivate, silai-hlô saltpetre ( = "gun powder"); KC *hlo salt ( < *drug, powder).

Comments: Ben. 63.

Chinese characters :

Character: 莠

Modern (Beijing) reading: yǒu

Preclassic Old Chinese: luʔ

Classic Old Chinese: lú

Western Han Chinese: lǝ́w

Eastern Han Chinese: źǝ́w

Early Postclassic Chinese: źíw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jíw

Late Postclassic Chinese: jíw

Middle Chinese: jǝ́w

English meaning : weeds; bad

Russian meaning[s]: 1) сорные травы, плевелы; 2) злой, плохой, порочный; дурные привычки

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 4621

Karlgren code: 1095 d

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : WVLV

Meaning : a k. of grass

Eurasiatic : *wVĺV

Sino-Caucasian : *ʔwēƛ̣V (cf. also *wVlɣV)

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *wVĺV

Meaning: a k. of grass

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *wel[a]k-,*wl[ā]k- ?

Altaic: *ŭ̀ĺà ( ~ o-, i̯u-) (cf. also *oĺa )

Uralic: *woĺV (cf. also *olke )

Dravidian: *vel-V́k-

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *welǝk-,*wl[ā]k- <PIH *w->

Meaning: bast, fibre

Hittite: welku- n. 'Gras' (Friedrich 251)

Tokharian: ? B welki 'a part of a plant?' (Adams 610)

Old Indian: valka- m. n. `bark of a tree; scales of a fish', vrkala-, valkala- n. `a garment made of bark; a partic. intestine'

Old Greek: lákhnǟ m. `krauses, wolliges Haar, Pelzhaar', hom. dat. lákhnōi̯ (von der Wolle des Widders)

Slavic: *volkъno

Baltic: *wal̂k-š-ti-, *wal̂k-sn-ā̂, *walk-in-a- adj.

Germanic: *wlṓx-i- c.; *wlag-á[ɵ]-a- m.

Russ. meaning: луб, волокно

References: WP I 296 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *wal̂k-š-ti-, *wal̂k-sn-ā̂, *walk-in-a- adj.

Meaning: chaff

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: válkšti-s (dial.) 'Haferähre', válkšna 'ds.', valkinē manna 'Manna, polnische Grütze'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *wlṓxa-; *wlagá[ɵ]a-z

Meaning: wool, fiber

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: lagδ-r `Wollflocke'; NIsl lō f. `Tuchflocke'

Norwegian: lagde; lo `Tuchflocke'

Swedish: lo `Tuchflocke'

Old English: wlōh, gen. wlēh f.? `hem, fringe'

Old Saxon: wlōh `Faser, Franse, Flocke'

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ŭ̀ĺà ( ~ o-, i̯u-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hemp

Russian meaning: конопля

Mongolian: *olo-sun

Tungus-Manchu: *ula

Japanese: *àsà

Comments: A good Mong.-Tung.-Jpn. match. Borrowing in Man. from Mong. is hardly possible, despite Rozycki 166.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *olo-sun

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: hemp

Russian meaning: конопля

Written Mongolian: olosun (L 610: olusu(n))

Middle Mongolian: olosun (HY 22)

Khalkha: ols

Buriat: ulha(n)

Kalmuck: olsṇ (КРС)

Ordos: ulusu(n)

Dagur: olso (Тод. Даг. 159), olese (MD 201) ; olsu

Shary-Yoghur: losǝn

Monguor: losǝ (SM 228)

Comments: MGCD 528.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ula

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 hemp 2 millet

Russian meaning: 1 конопля 2 просо

Literary Manchu: olo 1

Nanai: ula 2

Comments: ТМС 2, 15, 257.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *àsà

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: hemp

Russian meaning: конопля

Old Japanese: asa

Middle Japanese: àsà

Tokyo: asá

Kyoto: àsá

Kagoshima: asá

Comments: JLTT 384. The accent in Kyoto is irregular (reflecting *àsá).

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1178

Proto: *woĺV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: Labrador tea

German meaning: Porsch; Ledum palustre

Saam (Lapp): ūloD́Ž́-tōŋas (I) 'Ledum palustre', olojn ~ ollojn (T) 'Andromeda; Porsch'

Khanty (Ostyak): wäĺ (V) 'Rute (von einem Laubbaum)' ( > Selk. Ta. wäĺ 'Ast, Zweig, Rute'), wȧt́-juχ (DN), wȧĺ-juχ (O) 'Heidekraut; eine Reiserpflanze, Sumpfporst'

Mansi (Vogul): wōĺ-jiw (KM), waĺ-jüw (P), wāĺ-jiw (So.) 'Ledum palustre'

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *vel-V́k- (?)

Meaning : thin strip of bamboo

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *velek-

Notes : A Pengo-Kui isogloss.

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *velek-

Meaning : strip of bamboo

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *lēk-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *vlēk-

Notes : Bisyllabic root.

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *lēk-

Meaning : (pl.) strips of bamboo

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : lēkiŋ

Number in DED : 5557

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *vlēk-

Meaning : a thin strip of bamboo

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : vlēka

Number in DED : 5557

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