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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *č̣ulV (~-o-)
Meaning: 1 black 2 (dark berry): raspberry
Lezghian: č̣ulaw 1
Agul: č̣ula mexer 2
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-agu,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *Hč̣ōlV̄
Meaning: black
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. One of the cases of exceptional preservation of a laryngeal in Av. (in the original *HCVCV structure). Since the stem has no class prefixes in PN, Av. and PL, the PA situation is probably secondary (the expected stem *č̣Vr- or *Hič̣Vr- began to have an adjectival inflection).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *ʕārč̣i-
Meaning: black
Chechen: ʕärža
Ingush: ʕärža
Batsbi: ʕarč̣ĩ
Comments: Cf. Cheb. ʕāržĩ, Khild. ʕēržĩ etc. The vowelless base *ʕārč̣- is preserved in Chech. ʕarž-dan, Bacb. ʕarč̣-dar "to paint black".
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *-ič̣V(r)-
Meaning: black
Avar: č̣eʕéra-b
Chadakolob: č̣eʕera-b
Andian language: -eč̣e-dir
Akhvakh: -ač̣i-da
Chamalal: -eč̣a-ṭu-b
Tindi: -eč̣a-ṭu-b
Karata: -eč̣e-ṭi-rob
Botlikh: -eč̣er
Bagvalal: -eč̣e-ṭu-b
Godoberi: -eč̣er
Comments: The most archaic forms are Botl. -eč̣er and God. -eč̣er ( = Av. č̣eʕer-). Other languages reflect PA *-ič̣Vr-dV- (with an added adjectival suffix) > *-ič̣VdV-; in some languages (Cham., Tind., Kar., Bagv.) an assimilative glottalization (d > ṭ after č̣) took place.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-btl,aandet-bgv,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Hč̣ōlV̄
Meaning: black
Comments and references : Cf. also Bsq *b=elc 'black' (9)?
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *i=cal
Meaning: 1 shade, shadow 2 protection 3 gloomy, frightening place 4 to cover, darken 5 to put out (lights)
Bizkaian: itzal 3
Gipuzkoan: itzali 5
High Navarrese: itzal 1, itzali 5
Low Navarrese: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4, 5
Salazarese: itzal 2, itzal-go 2, itzal-gune 1
Lapurdian: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4
Zuberoan: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4
Roncalese: itzal 2
Comments: Cf. PNC *Hč̣ōlV̄ 'black', Bsq *b=elc 'black', a different formation from the same root.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-sal,basqet-lab,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : CVLV
Meaning : black, dark
globet-meaning,globet-afas,globet-scc,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣ilam-
Meaning: be dark, black
Notes: Derived from *č̣al-/*č̣il- "shadow". Cf. also LEC *ḍelam- 'return of the cattle home in the evening' (Som ḍelan < *ḍelam, pl. ḍelmo) and ECh *č̣ulum- 'west' < * 'dark (side)': Mig čulum-ti
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-scu,afaset-notes,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 980
Proto-Semitic: *t_̣Vlam-
Meaning: 'be dark, be black'
Akkadian: ṣalāmu
Hebrew: ṣlm
Arabic: ẓlm [-a-]
Epigraphic South Arabian: Sab. d_̣lm ('black (?)' SD 172; v. discussion in Bul. Dis.)
Geʕez (Ethiopian): ṣalma
Tigre: sälma
Tigrai (Tigriñña): säAllämä
Amharic: č̣ällämä
Gafat: ṣillämä
Harari: č̣eläma
Gurage: č̣ällämä
Soqotri: ṭlm
Notes: Cf. Ug ẓlmt 'darkness', Mhr ẓalem id
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-akk,semet-hbr,semet-ara,semet-sar,semet-gzz,semet-tgr,semet-tgy,semet-amh,semet-gaf,semet-hrr,semet-gur,semet-soq,semet-notes,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *čilVm-
Meaning: 1 'dark', 2 'black'
Buduma=Yedina: čilim 1 [LBud]
Gulfey: se̥le̥m 2 [Lk]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-bud,cchet-gul,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *zilim-
Meaning: 'black' 1, 'became dark, gloomy' 2, 'dark' 3
Dangla: zìlìm- 1 [CLR]
Migama: zílmó 2 [JMig]
Mokilko: zímòlò 3 [JMkk]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-dng,echet-mig,echet-mkk,
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South Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-South Cushitic: *c̣alam-
Meaning: 'green'
Qwadza (Ngomvia): tsalam-
Notes: Ehr HRSC 354 (cf. also Qwz tsalangayo 'black cow')
scuet-prnum,scuet-meaning,scuet-kwz,scuet-notes,
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