Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *č̣ulV (~-o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 black 2 (dark berry): raspberry

Lezghian: č̣ulaw 1

Agul: č̣ula mexer 2

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *Hč̣ōlV̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: black

Proto-Nakh: *ʕārč̣i-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *-ič̣V(r)-

Proto-Lezghian: *č̣ulV (~-o-)

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. One of the cases of exceptional preservation of a laryngeal in Av. (in the original *HCVCV structure). Since the stem has no class prefixes in PN, Av. and PL, the PA situation is probably secondary (the expected stem *č̣Vr- or *Hič̣Vr- began to have an adjectival inflection).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʕārč̣i-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: black

Chechen: ʕärža

Ingush: ʕärža

Batsbi: ʕarč̣ĩ

Comments: Cf. Cheb. ʕāržĩ, Khild. ʕēržĩ etc. The vowelless base *ʕārč̣- is preserved in Chech. ʕarž-dan, Bacb. ʕarč̣-dar "to paint black".

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *-ič̣V(r)-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: black

Avar: č̣eʕéra-b

Chadakolob: č̣eʕera-b

Andian language: -eč̣e-dir

Akhvakh: -ač̣i-da

Chamalal: -eč̣a-ṭu-b

Tindi: -eč̣a-ṭu-b

Karata: -eč̣e-ṭi-rob

Botlikh: -eč̣er

Bagvalal: -eč̣e-ṭu-b

Godoberi: -eč̣er

Comments: The most archaic forms are Botl. -eč̣er and God. -eč̣er ( = Av. č̣eʕer-). Other languages reflect PA *-ič̣Vr-dV- (with an added adjectival suffix) > *-ič̣VdV-; in some languages (Cham., Tind., Kar., Bagv.) an assimilative glottalization (d > ṭ after č̣) took place.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Hč̣ōlV̄

Meaning: black

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *Hč̣ōlV̄ black

Basque: *i=cal

Comments and references : Cf. also Bsq *b=elc 'black' (9)?

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *i=cal

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 shade, shadow 2 protection 3 gloomy, frightening place 4 to cover, darken 5 to put out (lights)

Bizkaian: itzal 3

Gipuzkoan: itzali 5

High Navarrese: itzal 1, itzali 5

Low Navarrese: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4, 5

Salazarese: itzal 2, itzal-go 2, itzal-gune 1

Lapurdian: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4

Zuberoan: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4

Roncalese: itzal 2

Comments: Cf. PNC *Hč̣ōlV̄ 'black', Bsq *b=elc 'black', a different formation from the same root.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVLV

Meaning : black, dark

Afroasiatic : *č̣ilam-

Sino-Caucasian : *Hč̣ōlV̄

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *č̣ilam-

Meaning: be dark, black

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *t_̣Vlam- 'be dark, be black'

Central Chadic: *čilVm- 'dark'1 , 'black' 2

East Chadic: *zilim- 'black'

South Cushitic: *c̣alam- 'green'

Notes: Derived from *č̣al-/*č̣il- "shadow". Cf. also LEC *ḍelam- 'return of the cattle home in the evening' (Som ḍelan < *ḍelam, pl. ḍelmo) and ECh *č̣ulum- 'west' < * 'dark (side)': Mig čulum-ti

Semitic etymology :

Number: 980

Proto-Semitic: *t_̣Vlam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'be dark, be black'

Akkadian: ṣalāmu

Hebrew: ṣlm

Arabic: ẓlm [-a-]

Epigraphic South Arabian: Sab. d_̣lm ('black (?)' SD 172; v. discussion in Bul. Dis.)

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ṣalma

Tigre: sälma

Tigrai (Tigriñña): säAllämä

Amharic: č̣ällämä

Gafat: ṣillämä

Harari: č̣eläma

Gurage: č̣ällämä

Soqotri: ṭlm

Notes: Cf. Ug ẓlmt 'darkness', Mhr ẓalem id

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *čilVm-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 1 'dark', 2 'black'

Buduma=Yedina: čilim 1 [LBud]

Gulfey: se̥le̥m 2 [Lk]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *zilim-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'black' 1, 'became dark, gloomy' 2, 'dark' 3

Dangla: zìlìm- 1 [CLR]

Migama: zílmó 2 [JMig]

Mokilko: zímòlò 3 [JMkk]

South Cushitic etymology :

Proto-South Cushitic: *c̣alam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'green'

Qwadza (Ngomvia): tsalam-

Notes: Ehr HRSC 354 (cf. also Qwz tsalangayo 'black cow')

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