Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ḳarɨ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: black

Tabasaran: ḳaru

Agul: ḳare-f

Tsakhur: ḳarɨ-n

Comment: Cf. also the PL compound *ḳarV-š:im "black pebbles > charcoal" with somewhat irregular metamorphoses: Ag. ḳarešum, Rut. ḳašen, Kryz. ḳäšin, Bud. ḳǝšɨl.

    See Хайдаков 1973, 104.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ḳărV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: black; coal

Proto-Nakh: *ḳaru

Proto-Lak: ḳalaš

Proto-Lezghian: *ḳarɨ-

Proto-West Caucasian: *ḳǝ

Notes: There is a good correspondence between the PN, PL and PAK forms. If we take into account the meaning 'coal' in PN and in the PL compound, this etymology of the Lak. form also becomes rather probable. Lak. ḳalaš must be a modification < *ḳa-š:al < *ḳar-š:al, where the second component is most probably PEC *č_Häɫu 'sand, gravel' q.v. (normally reflected in Lak. as š:aIlu).

    Abdokov (1983, 94) compares the Adygh forms with EC descendants of *ḳ_wɨ̆nħV 'smoke' (q.v.), which seems less probable for phonetic reasons.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ḳaru

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: coal

Chechen: ḳora

Ingush: ḳor

Batsbi: ḳor

Comments: 5th class in Chech., Ing., b in Bacb. Cf. also Shar. ḳoro, Khild. ḳoru, Cheb. ḳaru - proving the reconstruction with *-a-. The form ḳor in Bacb. is irregular (*ḳajru should be expected) and still has to be explained.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ḳalaš

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: charcoal

Lak form: ḳalaš

Comments: Gen. ḳulš:u-l (indicating strong š:).

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ḳǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dark

Adyghe: ṣ́ʷǝ-n-č̣́ǝ

Kabardian: č̣ǝ-f̣

Comments: PAK *c̣ʷǝ(n)-ḳǝ́ / *ḳǝ-c̣ʷǝ́ (in Ad. Bzhed. both ṣ́ʷǝnč̣́ǝ and č̣́ǝṣ́ʷǝ exist; cf. also both variants in Kab. wǝ-n-č̣ǝf̣- / wǝ-f̣ǝnč̣- 'to go out (as light)'). The root *ḳǝ is used within these two compounds with *c̣ʷǝ 'dark, black'; cf. perhaps also PAK *ḳa-ʁʷa / *ṗḳa-ʁʷa 'soot' (Ad. ṗč̣́aʁʷā-sa, Kab. č̣āʁʷa, č̣aʁʷāsa) - a compound with *ʁʷa 'smoke'. See Kuipers 1975, 33, 52, 53.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xḳărV́

Meaning: black; coals

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ḳărV

Yenisseian: *qorVn- (~χ-,-ɔ-,-l-)

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *qorVn- (~χ-,-ɔ-,-l-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ashes

Ket: qɔĺǝn⁶ / qɔllǝn⁶

Comments: ССЕ 263. Werner 2, 101 <*qolǝn>.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVRV

Meaning : black

Eurasiatic : *ḳarV

Afroasiatic : *ḳVrh- (Omot. + Ar.)

Sino-Caucasian : *xḳărV́

Amerind (misc.) : *ḳara 'black' (R 64) [+ A K]

Reference : ND 1155; GE 82 *ḳara.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳarV

Meaning: black

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *kerǝs-

Altaic: *kàru ( ~ k`-)

Dravidian: *kar-

Eskimo-Aleut: *(ǝ)qruɣ

References: МССНЯ 372, ОСНЯ 1, 337-338. ND 1155 *Ḳarh[ä] 'black'.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *kerǝs-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: black

Old Indian: krṣṇá- `black'

Old Greek: *karümnó- 'black': karümnón = mélan Hsch.

Slavic: *čьrnъ

Baltic: *ker̂š-a- adj., *kir[š]-n-a- adj.

Russ. meaning: черный

References: WP I 428 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *ker̂š-a- adj., *kir[š]-n-a- adj.

Meaning: motley (black and white)

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: kérša- 'weiss und schwarz gefleckt, schwarzscheckig'

Old Prussian: kirsnan `schwarz' V. 460

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 942

Root: kers-

English meaning: a k. of colour (black)

German meaning: in Worten für Farben, bes. dunkle, schmutzige

General comments: und wohl auch bloßes ker-; vgl. auch kel-4 und ker-6.

Derivatives: kr̥s-no- `schwarz'

Material: Ai. kr̥ṣṇá- `schwarz' = apr. kirsnan ds., FlN Kirsnappe = abg. črъnъ, russ. čërenъ, skr. cr̂n usw. `schwarz' (*čьrxnъ, *čьrsnъ); ohne -no-Formans lit. kéršas `schwarz und weiß gefleckt', kéršė `bunte Kuh', kéršis `schwarzbunter Ochse', keršulis `Ringeltaube'; karšìs f. `Brassen, Blei (Fisch)', kiršlỹs m. `Asche'; die Intonation von kéršas paßt aber nicht zum Ai.;

    schwed. norw. harr `Äsche' (*harzu-); ags. heard-hara, heardra- m., nhd. holl. harder, herder `Meer-Asche'.

References: WP. I 428 f., Trautmann 118, 134 f.

Pages: 583

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *kàru ( ~ k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: black

Russian meaning: черный

Turkic: *Kara

Mongolian: *kara

Japanese: *kùruà-

Comments: EAS 107, Владимирцов 324, ОСНЯ 1, 338, АПиПЯЯ 54-55, 73, 103-104, 274. Despite TMN 3, 427, Щербак 1997, 134, there is no need to regard the Mong. word as borrowed from Turkic (although it is not excluded).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kara

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: black

Russian meaning: черный

Old Turkic: qara (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: qara (MK, KB)

Turkish: kara

Tatar: qara

Middle Turkic: qara (MA, IM, Pav. C., AH, Бор. Бад.)

Uzbek: qɔrɛ

Uighur: qara, dial. qare

Sary-Yughur: Gara

Azerbaidzhan: Gara

Turkmen: Gara

Khakassian: xara

Shor: qara

Oyrat: qara

Halaj: qara

Chuvash: xora

Yakut: xara

Dolgan: kara

Tuva: qara

Tofalar: qara

Kirghiz: qara

Kazakh: qara

Noghai: qara

Bashkir: qara

Balkar: qara

Gagauz: qara

Karaim: qara

Karakalpak: qara

Salar: Gara

Kumyk: qara

Comments: VEWT 235, TMN 3, 426-432, EDT 643-4, ЭСТЯ 5, 286-289, 299-100, Лексика 592-593, Stachowski 138, Федотов 2, 362.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kara

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: black

Russian meaning: черный

Written Mongolian: qara (L 931)

Middle Mongolian: qara (HY 41, SH), qara (IM), qăra (MA)

Khalkha: xar

Buriat: xara

Kalmuck: xarъ

Ordos: xara

Dongxian: qara

Baoan: xera

Dagur: xara, xar (Тод. Даг. 174), hare (MD 157)

Shary-Yoghur: xara

Monguor: xara (SM 158)

Mogol: qarō; ZM qarā (13-8)

Comments: KW 168, MGCD 328. Mong. > Evk. karā, Man. qara etc. 'black (of horse)' (ТМС 1, 379, Doerfer MT 99, Rozycki 101, 133); > MKor. kara (măr), see Lee 1958, 119).

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kùruà-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: black

Russian meaning: черный

Old Japanese: kurwo-

Middle Japanese: kùrò-

Tokyo: kuró-

Kyoto: kúrò-

Kagoshima: kuró-

Nase: k`ùrù-

Shuri: kúrú-

Hateruma: ffà-

Yonakuni: kùrá-sá-

Comments: JLTT 833.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kar-

Meaning : 1 black 2 to burn

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kar-

Proto-Telugu : *kar-ŋ-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kar-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kar-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kar-

Meaning : black

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : karu

Tamil meaning : black

Tamil derivates : karukkal darkness, twilight, cloudiness, sunburnt paddy crop; karukku (karukki-) to darken by heat, burn, scorch, toast, fry; karuku (karuki-) to be scorched, blackened by fire or sun, become dark in evening; karukal charred rice; karumai blackness; karum pon_ iron; kari (-v-, -nt-) to be charred, scorched, become black; (-pp-, -tt-) to char; n. charcoal, charred wood, lampblack; kariccān_ king crow; kaŋkul darkness, night

Malayalam : kari, karu

Malayalam meaning : black; charcoal, coal

Malayalam derivates : karikkal, karukkal twilight, dusk, frying; karikka to char, burn black, fire (a jungle), scorch; karippu jungle cultivation; karima, karuma blackness; karukkuka to be dusk; kariuka to be scorched, singed; vb. n. karivu; karimpu dark colour, grey; kariśal that which is singed, scorched; kaŋŋal darkness; kaŋŋuka to be singed, burn in cooking

Kannada : kari

Kannada meaning : to be scorched, singed, charred; fry, roast; n. state of being scorched, frying, blackness, charcoal

Kannada derivates : karaku, kariku state of being scorched; karidu black; kar-, ka- id.; kargu to turn black (or with DEDR 1494); kare blackness; kabbiṇa iron; (PBh.) karipu blackness; (Hav.) karañcu to be scorched; karañcaṭe scorched; (Gowda) kǝrṇṭɨ to become charred

Kodagu : kari- (kariv-, kariñj-)

Kodagu meaning : to be singed

Kodagu derivates : (karip-, karic-) to singe; kari black

Tulu : kari

Tulu meaning : soot, charcoal

Tulu derivates : kariya black; karŋka state of being burnt or singed; karŋkāḍuni to burn (tr.); karñcuni to be burned to cinders; karñcāvuni to cause to burn to cinders; kardụ black; karba iron; karvāvuni to burn the down of a fowl by holding it over the fire; karṇṭuni to be scorched; karguḍe a very black man; fem. karguḍi, kargi

Proto-Nilgiri : *kar-

Miscellaneous : KOR (T) kardɨ black

Number in DED : 1278

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kar-

Meaning : black

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : kayr "charcoal, soot"

Toda : kary- (kars-) "to be singed, scorched, fried too much"

Additional forms : Also Kota kar black (or with 1395); kagutm darkness, dark place; Toda kary- (karc-) to heat (new pot, etc., to purify it); kary charcoal; ka, kax, kaxt black; kabɨn iron; kagār_f darkness; ka-pic Jasminum bignoniaceum; ? koš fɨṛ- (fɨṭ-) to dawn (lit. the darkness goes away); ? kāy maḍ, kāye maḍ the black-headed one (i. e. the Toda; in song; maḍ head)

Notes : Toda ka-, etc., all result from sandhi (in cases like kabɨn 'iron' < *kar-ǝm-pon, etc.)

Number in DED : 1278

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *kar-ŋ-

Meaning : to fade

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kaggu

Telugu (Krishnamurti) : kaggu

Additional forms : Also (K) kaŋgu to be scorched, be burnt, fade; (K) krā̃gu to be burned

Number in DED : 1278

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kar-

Meaning : black; to burn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kinwat Kolami : kārī "black"

Naiki : karan, karen, kareyan "black"

Parji : ker-, (S) kerv- "to burn (intr.)"

Salur Gadba : karid- "to burn away as rice"

Additional forms : Also Parji kerip- (kerit-), (S) kervip- (kervit-) to burn (tr.); Salur (P) karv- to burn (intr.); karup- id. (tr.); karup din summer

Number in DED : 1278

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kar-

Meaning : to burn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *karv-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *karv-

Meaning : to burn (intr.)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : karw-

Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : karw-

Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : karv-

Gommu Gondi : karv-

Muria Gondi : kar-, kaṛ-

Maria Gondi : karv-

Koya Gondi : karv-

Adilabad Gondi : karv- (SR)

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Ph karsahtānā, Gondi_Mu kaṛih- to burn (tr.); Gondi_Mu kaṛha field for burning cultivation; Grigson kare area set apart for penda cultivation when left fallow for a term

Number in DED : 1278

Number in CVOTGD : 536, 563

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *(ǝ)qruɣ

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: blue, green, dark (sky)

Russian meaning: синий, зеленый

Proto-Yupik: *qǝru-(Г-)

Proto-Inupik: *qIcuɣ

Comments: Cf. *(ǝ)qǝruɣ (-iʁ-) 'wood'.

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 310

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *qǝru-(Г-)

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: green 1, greenery 2, blue 3, bluish reflection in sky from open water 4, to become bluish, bruised 5

Russian Meaning: зеленый 1, зелень 2, синий, голубой 3, голубоватое отражение в небе над водой, дымка 4, синеть 5

Chaplino: qiɣúʁrāk (ɣǝt) 1, qiɣúʁāq 2, //qiɣuk 4, qiɣuʁruk 'smoke, smog'

Naukan: qǝjúʁuɫǝʁē 1, qǝjúʁalŋúq 3, qǝjúk 2

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: qiu- 'to become ripe', qiuq 'colour', qiulʁaq 2, 'fruit, vegetable'

Chugach (AAY): qijuiʁ- neg. 'to lose colour, to fade'

Koniag (AAY): AP qiuɫʁiaq 'berry'

Chugach (Birket-Smith): qiumalāt pl. 'salmonberries', [~ ɔqɔʁolīt pl. 'blueberry']

Central Alaskan Yupik: qiu- 5, qiuq (ʁ) 4, 'blueberry', qiuʁ/ɣliq, qǝzuqliq 3

Chevak (Peripheral): qǝju- 5, qǝjuʁliq 3

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 310

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *qỊcụɣ

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to be dark cloud over open water

Russian meaning: темные облака над водой

Seward Peninsula Inupik: qizuk

SPI Dialects: W qizuk* (ūk, uit)

North Alaskan Inupik: qisuk

NAI Dialects: B qicuk*

Western Canadian Inupik: qisuk

Eastern Canadian Inupik: qisuk 'vapor given off by sea during intense cold'

Greenlandic Inupik: qisuk (qisuk*) 'darkness in sky which shows open water'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 310

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