Lezghian etymology : List with all references

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔirq:e(r)-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to freeze, get cold

Lezghian: req:i-

Tabasaran: a=ʁ-

Agul: ruʁ-

Rutul: si=ʁe-

Tsakhur: q-i=ʁar-

Kryz: s-aʁ-

Budukh: s-arʁ-

Archi: qe-

Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. a=q:-, Ag. Bursh. urʕa-. Bud. and Kryz. reflect the Ablaut grade *ʔärq:e(r)- with a regular shift *ä > *a before a uvular. The adjective for 'cold' is in some languages derived from this verb, cf. Tab. Kand. ʁa-ʁu, Ag. ruʁu-f, Kryz. soʁa(j), Bud. soʁo. We should also add here (as an old participial structure, with loss of initial vowel), Kryz. q:aj 'cold' and Lezg. q:aj '(cold) wind'. A derivate from the same root is also Arch. qo-l 'ice'.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=irG_wVr

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to freeze, get cold

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=Vq̇:-

Proto-Dargwa: *=arʁIʷ-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔirq:e(r)-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. In PL and Cham. there occurred a secondary loss of labialization (before a front vowel?); otherwise the correspondences are regular (pharyngealization in PD is automatic, in the vicinity of a front vowel). A probable HU parallel is Hurr. e/igi, eg-o 'cold' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 60).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=Vq̇:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: get cold, cool

Chamalal: =aq̇:-

Comments: Isolated in Cham., but having probable external parallels.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=arʁIʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: get cold, freeze

Akusha: =irʕ-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =aIrʕʷ-/=irʕʷ-. The Ak. adjective 'cold' (b-aIrʕib-si) is derived from this verb.

See PEC *-Hǝ̆χ_wV for explanation of the PD pharyngealization in this root.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *rV́GwV(r) ( ~ -xGw-)

Meaning: cold

North Caucasian: *=irG_wVr

Sino-Tibetan: *răŋ / *răk (k-)

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *răŋ / *răk (k-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cold

Chinese: 涼 *raŋ chilly, cold.

Tibetan: graŋ cold, cool, graŋs to grow cold.

Burmese: LB *krak cold.

Lushai: ṭaŋ (ṭan) be dry or dried, ṭaŋ-thōm cold (weather), KC *kraŋ.

Lepcha: kjaŋ to be extremely cold, to freeze, to chill

Comments: Mikir niŋ-kreŋ cold weather, winter. Sh. 50; Ben. 39; Bod. 165.

Chinese characters :

Character: 涼

Modern (Beijing) reading: liáng

Preclassic Old Chinese: raŋ

Classic Old Chinese: raŋ

Western Han Chinese: raŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: reŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: leŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: leŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: leŋ

Middle Chinese: laŋ

English meaning : be chilly

Russian meaning[s]: 1) прохладный, свежий; 2) летний, легкий (напр. об одежде); 3) проветривать; охлаждать; остывать; остуженный; 4) ист. Лян (название нескольких царств на территории нынешней провинции Ганьсу); 5) Лян (фамилия)

Comments: For *r- cf. Min forms: Xiamen liɔŋ², Chaozhou liaŋ², Fuzhou lioŋ².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 85

Four-angle index: 8224

Karlgren code: 0755 l

Shijing occurrences: 41.1_

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Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1210

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 涼

MC description : 宕開三平陽來

ZIHUI: 0404 2317

Beijing: liaŋ 12

Jinan: liaŋ 12

Xi'an: liaŋ 12

Taiyuan: lia_̃ 1

Hankou: niaŋ 12

Chengdu: niaŋ 12

Yangzhou: liâŋ 12

Suzhou: liaŋ 12

Wenzhou: li 12

Changsha: nian 12

Shuangfeng: niaŋ 12

Nanchang: liɔŋ 31

Meixian: liɔŋ 12

Guangzhou: lö_ŋ 12

Xiamen: liɔŋ 12

Chaozhou: liaŋ 12

Fuzhou: luɔŋ 12

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