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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔirq:e(r)-
Meaning: to freeze, get cold
Lezghian: req:i-
Tabasaran: a=ʁ-
Agul: ruʁ-
Rutul: si=ʁe-
Tsakhur: q-i=ʁar-
Kryz: s-aʁ-
Budukh: s-arʁ-
Archi: qe-
Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. a=q:-, Ag. Bursh. urʕa-. Bud. and Kryz. reflect the Ablaut grade *ʔärq:e(r)- with a regular shift *ä > *a before a uvular. The adjective for 'cold' is in some languages derived from this verb, cf. Tab. Kand. ʁa-ʁu, Ag. ruʁu-f, Kryz. soʁa(j), Bud. soʁo. We should also add here (as an old participial structure, with loss of initial vowel), Kryz. q:aj 'cold' and Lezg. q:aj '(cold) wind'. A derivate from the same root is also Arch. qo-l 'ice'.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=irG_wVr
Meaning: to freeze, get cold
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. In PL and Cham. there occurred a secondary loss of labialization (before a front vowel?); otherwise the correspondences are regular (pharyngealization in PD is automatic, in the vicinity of a front vowel). A probable HU parallel is Hurr. e/igi, eg-o 'cold' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 60).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *=Vq̇:-
Meaning: get cold, cool
Chamalal: =aq̇:-
Comments: Isolated in Cham., but having probable external parallels.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-chm,aandet-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *=arʁIʷ-
Meaning: get cold, freeze
Akusha: =irʕ-
Comments: Cf. also Ur. =aIrʕʷ-/=irʕʷ-. The Ak. adjective 'cold' (b-aIrʕib-si) is derived from this verb. See PEC *-Hǝ̆χ_wV for explanation of the PD pharyngealization in this root.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *rV́GwV(r) ( ~ -xGw-)
Meaning: cold
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *răŋ / *răk (k-)
Meaning: cold
Tibetan: graŋ cold, cool, graŋs to grow cold.
Burmese: LB *krak cold.
Lushai: ṭaŋ (ṭan) be dry or dried, ṭaŋ-thōm cold (weather), KC *kraŋ.
Lepcha: kjaŋ to be extremely cold, to freeze, to chill
Comments: Mikir niŋ-kreŋ cold weather, winter. Sh. 50; Ben. 39; Bod. 165.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-lush,stibet-lepcha,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 涼
Modern (Beijing) reading: liáng
Preclassic Old Chinese: raŋ
Classic Old Chinese: raŋ
Western Han Chinese: raŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: reŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: leŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: leŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: leŋ
Middle Chinese: laŋ
English meaning : be chilly
Russian meaning[s]: 1) прохладный, свежий; 2) летний, легкий (напр. об одежде); 3) проветривать; охлаждать; остывать; остуженный; 4) ист. Лян (название нескольких царств на территории нынешней провинции Ганьсу); 5) Лян (фамилия)
Comments: For *r- cf. Min forms: Xiamen liɔŋ2, Chaozhou liaŋ2, Fuzhou lioŋ2.
Radical: 85
Four-angle index: 8224
Karlgren code: 0755 l
Shijing occurrences: 41.1_
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 1210
Character: 涼
MC description : 宕開三平陽來
ZIHUI: 0404 2317
Beijing: liaŋ 12
Jinan: liaŋ 12
Xi'an: liaŋ 12
Taiyuan: lia_̃ 1
Hankou: niaŋ 12
Chengdu: niaŋ 12
Yangzhou: liâŋ 12
Suzhou: liaŋ 12
Wenzhou: li 12
Changsha: nian 12
Shuangfeng: niaŋ 12
Nanchang: liɔŋ 31
Meixian: liɔŋ 12
Guangzhou: lö_ŋ 12
Xiamen: liɔŋ 12
Chaozhou: liaŋ 12
Fuzhou: luɔŋ 12
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,
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