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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *lV / *ʔal:V
Meaning: 1 preverb "above" 2 above (adv.) 3 dem. pronoun 4 series Super
Lezghian: al-/el- 1, -l 4
Tabasaran: Vl- 1, -in / -il 4
Agul: al- 1, -l 4
Rutul: l- 1, la-ʔ 2, -la elative, comparative
Tsakhur: ali-d 2; -l (ess. II), -l-qa (all. II), -l-e (abl. II); al- 1
Kryz: li 3
Budukh: al(ad) 3
Archi: jat 2, -t:- 4
Udi: ala 2; ? -l terminative
Comment: The morpheme is very frequent in Lezg. languages. It is, first of all, used as an adverbial stem with the meaning "up, above" (in Arch. as a compound with the pronominal stem ja-) (besides Tsakh. ali-d, Arch. jat and Ud. ala cf. also Bud. la-χa). Second, in several languages it is used as a spatial preverb ("above, from above etc.") (Lezg., Ag., Tab., less frequently in Rut.). In most languages it is also used as a locative suffix of the series Super ("above smth."), cf. Lezg. -al/-el, Tab. -ʔil (a dialectal form, in lit. Tab. -ʔin with secondary nasalisation), Ag. -l, Rut. -l (with semantic transformations: presently it is used within the elative marker -l-a / -ɨl-a), Arch. -t / -t:i. Finally, in some languages *lV (*ʔal:V-) became just a demonstrative pronoun "that" or "this" (which is obviously a late semantic development < "that (above the speaker)"), thus in Ag. li 'that', Kryz. li 'this', Bud. al(ad) 'that'. See Aлексеев 1985, 75.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ƛ̣a
Meaning: up, above (an adverbial stem)
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular, except for the PL form: here also *ƛ̣V would be expected, but it had irregularly developed into *lHV > PL *l:V, which must be explained by the auxiliary status of the morpheme.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *ƛ̣a
Meaning: 1 up, above 2 locative suffix (of series Super)
Avar: ṭa-d 1, -d- 2
Andian language: -ƛ̣a 2
Akhvakh: -ƛ̣- 2 (S.-Akhv.)
Chamalal: hi-la-h 1 (Gig.)
Tindi: -la 2
Karata: -ƛ̣a 2
Botlikh: -0- 2
Bagvalal: -la 2
Godoberi: -la 2
Comments: Cf. also Av. Ants. ƛ̣a-d 'up, above'; in the function of the locative morpheme voiced -d- is also secondary in Av. (dialects have regular reflexes -ṭ, -ʔ or -l). The adverbial usage (cf. also Av. ṭá-s:a "up, from above"; And. hi-la, Akhv. ƛ̣a-do 'up, above') clearly reflects the original status of the morpheme as a locative adverb (particle).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-btl,aandet-bgv,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *ƛ̣(ɔ)
Meaning: locative suffix (series Super)
Tsezi: -ƛ̣(o)
Ginukh: -ƛ̣o
Khvarshi: -ƛ̣o
Inkhokvari: -ƛ̣o
Bezhta: -ƛ̣a
Gunzib: -ƛ̣(o)
Comments: PTsKh *-ƛ̣o; PGB *ƛ̣ɔ. Cf. also PTs *ƛ̣V- as an adverbial stem: PTsKh *ƛ̣ǝ-Rǝ (Tsez. ƛ̣iri, Gin. ƛ̣ere, Inkh. ƛ̣olo), PGB *ƛ̣o-do (Bezht., Gunz. ƛ̣odo) 'up, above'.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: ḳa
Meaning: that (above the speaker)
Lak form: ḳa
Comments: Cf. also Khosr. ḳʷa id. (labialisation is probably secondary, ḳʷa < *ḳV-wa).
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *ʔi-ḳ
Meaning: that (above the speaker)
Akusha: iḳ
Chiragh: iḳ
Comments: Cf. also Chir. ḳa-ʕ "this, that (above the speaker)".
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ƛ̣a
Meaning: up, above
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-buru,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lă
Meaning: lift, above
Tibetan: bla over, above.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 舁
Modern (Beijing) reading: yú
Preclassic Old Chinese: la
Classic Old Chinese: la
Western Han Chinese: la
Eastern Han Chinese: źa
Early Postclassic Chinese: źo
Middle Postclassic Chinese: jo
Late Postclassic Chinese: jo
Middle Chinese: jö
English meaning : to lift [L.Zhou]
Comments: See also 舉.
Radical: 0
Four-angle index: 0
Karlgren code: 0089 a
Go-on: yo
Kan-on: yo
Japanese reading: yo;kaku
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-jap,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *d-al
Meaning: up, above
Yasin: dal
Hunza: dal
Nagar: dal
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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