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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *q-ēt-
Meaning: to get (somewhere)
Chechen: q-ēt-
Ingush: q-et-
Comments: The root is used only with the preverb *q-.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-comment,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *=ǝ̄tV
Meaning: move, go, come
Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=ut- Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *-ut-
Meaning: to reach
Tindi: =ut-
Comments: Attested only in Tindi, but having probable external parallels.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-tnd,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *=ot-
Meaning: to turn back, return
Tsezi: ut-
Ginukh: =ut-/tut-
Comments: PTsKh *ʔut- (=ut-); in Gin. also with reduplication.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔata-
Meaning: 1 come, arrive 2 walk,go
Lezghian: at- 2
Udi: ta-jes 2
Comment: Cf. Lezg. pret. ata-na (the stem is used in pret. and masdar). The Ud. form is a secondary building from the gerund *ʔata-j.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ǝ̄tV
Meaning: to go
Yenisseian: Kott. it- / ot- 'come'
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: [*tiǝ]
Meaning: to go
Comments: Also reflected in: Miju tai, Miji deih, Konyak *dai 'walk, go'.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 之
Modern (Beijing) reading: zhī
Preclassic Old Chinese: tǝ
Classic Old Chinese: tǝ
Western Han Chinese: tǝ
Eastern Han Chinese: ćǝ
Early Postclassic Chinese: ćɨ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćɨ
Late Postclassic Chinese: ćɨ
Middle Chinese: ćɨ
English meaning : This; he, she, it, they, them. The basic meaning of the character is 'to go, proceed' (reflected as 'to go out' in the Shuowen gloss, but occurring in texts only with the normal meaning 'to go, proceed'); the use of 之 for a pronoun is secondary, due to homonymy.
Russian meaning[s]: 1) его, их, это, этих (после сказуемого служебный показатель объекта в вэньяне); часто не обозначает никакого конкретного объекта и служит лишь показателем переходности действия; 2) служебное слово между определением и определяемым, формант обособленного определения; 3) в придаточных (членных) предложениях ставится после подлежащего и служит показателем несамостоятельного характера предложения; 4) предшествует концовкам обстоятельств места и времени; 5) древняя эвфоническая частица без значения; 6) древн. этот; сей; его; 7) древн. или; 8) древн. отправиться; поехать; доехать, достичь; распространиться; перейти к...; что касается, вм. 至
Shuowen gloss: 出也.象草過え.枝莖漸益大.有所之也.一者地也.
Comments: The word is used normally either as an object pronoun ('him','her', etc.), or as a marker of possession or attribution (as in Shi 1,1) - probably reflecting different usages of a single original morpheme. Sometimes it also occurs as a demonstrative attribute 'this' - but Schüssler is probably right in thinking that in such cases it is actually written instead of the demonstrative 時 *dǝ (which, just as 是 *deʔ 'this', is also etymologically related).
Radical: 4
Four-angle index: 6439
Karlgren code: 0962 a-b
Go-on: si
Kan-on: si
Japanese reading: shi;yuku;kore;kono;no
Jianchuan Bai: -ta6 (這)
Dali Bai: tɨ3 (這)
Shijing occurrences: 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 20.3, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3, 26.2, 26.4, 26.5, 27.1, 27.2, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 28.4, 29.1, 29.2, 29.3, 31.3, 32.3, 33.1, 33.3, 35.4, 36.1, 36.2, 37.1, 37.4, 38.1, 38.4, 39.1, 40.1, 40.2, 40.3, 42.3, 43.1, 43.2, 43.3, 45.1, 45.2, 46.1, 46.2, 46.3, 47.1, 47.2, 48.1, 48.2, 48.3, 49.1, 49.2, 50.1, 51.1, 51.3, 53.1, 53.2, 53.3, 54.3, 54.4_, 57.1, 58.1, 58.3, 58.4
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-jap,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 51
Character: 之
MC description : 止開三平之章
ZIHUI: 0037 0444
Beijing: c̣î_ 11
Jinan: c̣î_ 11
Xi'an: ci_ 11
Taiyuan: ci_ 1
Hankou: ci_ 11
Chengdu: ci_ 11
Yangzhou: ci_ 11
Suzhou: cü 11
Wenzhou: ci_ 11
Changsha: c̣î_ 11
Shuangfeng: c̣î_ 11
Nanchang: ci_ 11
Meixian: ci_ 11
Guangzhou: či 11
Xiamen: ci 12
Chaozhou: ci_ 11
Fuzhou: ci 11
Shanghai: ci_ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: či_ 1
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : WVTV
Meaning : to lead, to go
Amerind (misc.) : *ta 'come; go' (R 142) [H C P]; ? *ṭa 'jump, fly' (R 282) [+ K]; *hiwet 'walk' (R 815) [H P] Notes : Probably two (or more) roots: for Uralic cf. Alt. *oti 'to move'.
Reference : МССНЯ 333; ND 2461, 2462. globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,globet-notes,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *wetV
Meaning: to lead
Comments: Probably two roots: for Uralic cf. PA *oti 'to move'; cf. also PK *xwed- 1191.
References: МССНЯ 333; ND 116 *ʕodu; 2461 *wVd[V]ʕV (adding also Mong. *(h)od- 'go, depart', but cf. *q[o]dV); 2462 *wedhA; 2566 *[χ]ud(Vʔ)V 'get somewhere, reach'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *wedh- <PIH *w->
Meaning: to lead
Hittite: uwate- (I) 'herbringen' (Friedrich 239); uda- (II) (if not = u+da-) 'herbringen, überbringen' (236-237)
Avestan: caus. vāδayeiti `führt, zieht, schleppt'
Celtic: OIr fedid `führt', Cymr arweddu `führen, bringen', cyweddu `führen, worin bringen'
Russ. meaning: вести
References: WP I 255 f
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-avest,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: веду́,
Near etymology: вести́, укр. веду́, вести́, ст.-слав. ведѫ, вести ἄγω, ὑπάγω, aop. привѣсъ (из *вѣдсъ), болг. веда́, словен. vésti, чеш. vedu, vésti, слвц. vediem, viest, польск. wieść, в.-луж. wjesć.
Further etymology: Родственно лит. vedù, vedžiau, vèsti, лтш. vedu, vest "вести, жениться" (ср. др.-русск. вести жену "жениться"), др.-прусск. weddē (ср. основу прош. вр. ст.-слав. ведѣаше), лит. vẽdė, лтш. диал. vede (Эндзелин, KZ 43, 18), др.-инд. vadhū́ṣ ж. "невеста, (молодая) жена", авест. vaδu- -- то же, ирл. fedim "веду, несу", авест. vāδayeiti "ведет, приводит", возм., также алб. vjeth "краду, ворую", аор. vodha (но см. везу́); см. Траутман, BSW 344; Apr. Sprd. 460; Прусик, KZ 33, 161; М. -- Э. 4, 544 и сл.; Бартоломэ, Air. Wb. 1344. Далее сюда же води́ть, о́бод, а также др.-русск. водимая "жена, супруга", русск. по́вод, воево́да; ср. лит. vadà "повод, причина", jaut-vadá "повод, за который ведут вола"; см. Буга, РФВ 75, 153.
Pages: 1,284
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *wed- (*wed-a-) vb. tr.; *wad-a- m., *wad-ā̂ f., *wad-aw-a- c.; *wēd-in̂- vb.
Meaning: lead
Old Lithuanian: vadava-s 'Führer, Leuter',
Lithuanian: vèsti (vẽda, vẽdē) `leiten, (an)führen, ab-, wefführen; Junge werfen (von Tieren)', vãda-s 'Führer', vadà 'Führen, Leiten'; ãpvada-s, ãpvada, apì-vada-s 'rings herumlaufender Streifen; Besatz'; pãvada-s 'Führer, Führung'; caus. vẽdinti 'führen'
Lettish: vads 'Führer; Führer auf den Dünaflössen, Steuermann, Hilfsarbeiter auf einem Floss', pavads '(Pferde)zügel'; vest (vędu, vedu) 'fahrend führen; führen, leiten leiten'; vadât (-ãju) 'anführen, viel führen, hin und her führen'
Old Prussian: west, prt. weddē 'führen'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-olith,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,baltet-oprus,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *i̯ū́du
Meaning: to lead, direct
Russian meaning: вести, направлять
Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *ɨ̄d-
Meaning: to send
Russian meaning: посылать
Old Turkic: ɨd- (Orkh., OUygh.)
Turkmen: ɨj-
Khakassian: ɨs-
Shor: ɨs-
Oyrat: ij-, ɨs-
Chuvash: jar-
Yakut: ɨ̄t-
Dolgan: ɨ̄t-
Tuva: ɨt-
Tofalar: ɨt-
Kirghiz: ij-
Balkar: ij-
Karaim: ij-
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-chg,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-blkx,turcet-krmx,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *udu-
Meaning: to lead, direct
Russian meaning: вести, направлять
Written Mongolian: udu- (L 862: udurid-) Middle Mongolian: uduri- (HY 54, SH) Khalkha: udir-
Buriat: udarida-
Ordos: udu- 'donner la branle, mettre en train (une affaire)'
Baoan: durǝ-
Comments: MGCD 667, TMN 1, 162-163. monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-bao,monget-mgr,monget-reference,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 1156
Proto: *wetä
English meaning: to lead
German meaning: führen, leiten, ziehen
Finnish: vetä- 'ziehen'
Estonian: veda- 'führen, anführen, ziehen, schleppen'
Mordovian: ved́a-, vit́i- (E), väd́a-, vät́e- (M) 'führen, leiten'
Mari (Cheremis): wiδe- (KB) wüδe- (U B) 'leiten'
Hungarian: vezet- 'führen, leiten, lenken, fahren', vezér 'Führer'
Nenets (Yurak): (wādā- 'aufziehen, erziehen; führen' - rejected by Redei)
Enets (Yen): (bará- Ch., badadda- B 'aufziehen' - rejected by Redei)
Nganasan (Tawgi): (badú- 'aufwachsen' - rejected by Redei)
Selkup: (kueta- 'füttern, aufziehen' - rejected by Redei)
Kamass: (bodǝ- 'füttern, ernähren' - rejected by Redei)
Sammalahti's version: *wetä-
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-mrd,uralet-mar,uralet-ugr,uralet-nen,uralet-enc,uralet-nga,uralet-slk,uralet-kam,uralet-samm2,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *wed- / wid-
Russian meaning: идти
English meaning: to go
Georgian: ved-, vid-
Megrel: id-
Laz: id-
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 84 (*wid-), EWK 130-131.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-meg,kartet-laz,kartet-notes,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕadaw- ~ *waʕad- ~ *daʕ-
Meaning: go away, out; leave; pass by
Notes: Cf. *daʔ- ~ *ʔad- 'go and come, move'; Sem. *wɣd (Arab, MSA).
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-brb,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-hec,afaset-dhl,afaset-notes,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 390
Proto-Semitic: *ʕVdVw/y-
Meaning: 'run' 1, 'cross over, pass by' 2
Hebrew: ʕdy 2
Syrian Aramaic: ʕdy 2
Arabic: ʕdw [-u-] 1
Epigraphic South Arabian: ʕdw/y 'move, march, go' SD
Geʕez (Ethiopian): ʕdw 2
Soqotri: ʕdy 2
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-hbr,semet-syr,semet-ara,semet-sar,semet-gzz,semet-soq,
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Berber etymology :
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Proto-Berber: *Haddaw
Meaning: 'go' 1, 'come' 2
Senhadja: addu 1
Zenaga: edda 1
Semlal: ǝddu 1
Ntifa: ddu, s-udu 1
Izdeg: ddu 1, addu d 2
Izayan: ǝddu d 2
brbet-prnum,brbet-meaning,brbet-snh,brbet-zng,brbet-sml,brbet-ntf,brbet-izd,brbet-izy,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *wuHad-
Meaning: 'go out' 1, 'go' 2
Hwona: wúḍà 1 [Kr: 18]
Bachama: wudɔ́ 2 [CLR: 163]
Bata: wādo 2 [CLR: 163]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-hwn,cchet-bch,cchet-bat,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *Had-
Meaning: 'go' 1, '(make) go away' 2, 'follow' 3, 'come' 4
Dangla: ààḍē 3 [Eb]
Migama: ʔáḍ- 1 [Jg]
Bidiya: ʔàd 1 [JBid]
Mokilko: ʔáḍḍè 2 [JMkk], ììdó 4 [CLR: 83]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-dng,echet-mig,echet-bid,echet-mkk,
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High East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-High East Cushitic: *had- (?)
Meaning: 'go'
Sidamo: haadi
hecet-prnum,hecet-meaning,hecet-sid,
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Dahalo etymology :
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Dahalo: d_aaʕ-
Meaning: 'leave in a hurry'
Notes: Metathesis.
dhlet-prnum,dhlet-meaning,dhlet-notes,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *dV(w)
Meaning: to run, walk
Proto-Austroasiatic: *dVw Austroasiatic meaning: run
Miao-Yao parallels: Yao ta:i.2 come
Proto-Thai: diaw.A, diaw.B to walk, to stroll
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-myao,austr-tai,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *dVw
Meaning: run
Thai: diaw.A, diaw.B to walk, to stroll
Proto-Palaungic: De dau
Proto-Khmu: *duʔ
References: S-200
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-kat,aaet-bah,aaet-kmr,aaet-mon,aaet-pawa,aaet-kmu,aaet-bib,
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Katuic etymology :
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Proto-Katuic: *dʔVw
Meaning: take a step, walk
Presyllable: hǝ-/cǝ-/#
References: TK16.37b
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,
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East Katuic etymology :
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Proto-East Katuic: *dʔVw
Meaning: take a step, walk
Presyllable: hǝ-/cǝ-/#
Lao Katu: dɨaw
Lao Katu meaning: a step
Triw: cidiǝw
Dakkan dialects (2): cǝdi:w
Dakkan meaning: walk
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-lka,ekatet-lkame,ekatet-tr,ekatet-dkk,ekatet-dkme,
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Bahnar etymology :
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Proto-Bahnaric: *dǝ̆w
Meaning: run, flee
Presyllable: #/kǝ-
Bahnar: kǝdǝw, kǝdu:
Bahnar meaning: to run
References: PNB-424, SBS-570, TB17.449
banet-meaning,banet-prpr,banet-prnum,banet-bah,banet-bahme,banet-nob,banet-sob,banet-web,banet-nwb,banet-refer,
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North Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-North-Bahnaric: *daw.L, kǝ-
Meaning: run, flee
Rengao form: kǝdaw.L
Rengao meaning: run
Jeh form: kǝdaw.L
Jeh meaning: run, run away, escape
Sedang form: kǝtaw.L
Sedang meaning: run
Hre form: kǝdaw.L
Hre meaning: run
References: PNB-424
nobet-meaning,nobet-prnum,nobet-ren,nobet-renme,nobet-jeh,nobet-jehme,nobet-sed,nobet-sedme,nobet-hre,nobet-hreme,nobet-refer,
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South Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-South Bahnaric: *du
Meaning: run, flee
Chrau form: du:
Chrau meaning: run away, flee
Stieng form: du:
Stieng meaning: run away, flee,leave
References: SBS-570
sobet-meaning,sobet-prnum,sobet-chr,sobet-chrme,sobet-sti,sobet-stime,sobet-refer,
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West Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-West- Bahnaric: *dǝw, #/pǝ-
Meaning: run, flee
Jaru form: padǝw
Lavi: tu:
Juk: du:.B
References: TB17.449
webet-meaning,webet-prnum,webet-jr,webet-lve,webet-jk,webet-refer,
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North-West Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *daw, #/kǝ-
Meaning: run away, escape
Tariang: daw
Kaseng: daw
Yaeh: kadǝw
nwbet-meaning,nwbet-prnum,nwbet-tr,nwbet-ks,nwbet-yh,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: daw
Meaning: to go to, progress towards
Old Khmer: daw, dow
Old Khmer Meaning: to go, go ahead, become
References: P258, JP157
kmret-meaning,kmret-prnum,kmret-okh,kmret-okmean,kmret-ref,
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Monic etymology :
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Proto-Monic: *dǝw
Meaning: to run away, stray
Presyllable: #
Modern Mon: dau
Old Mon: dow
Middle Mon: dau
Nyakur: thɔw.B
Nyakur meaning: to hurry away, to escape
References: V206
monet-meaning,monet-prpr,monet-prnum,monet-word,monet-om,monet-mm,monet-tc,monet-tcme,monet-bib,
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