Nakh etymology : List with all references

Proto-Nakh: *=āʎ- / -iʎ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to become, get

Chechen: =āl-

Ingush: =al-

Batsbi: =aʎ-

Comments: A very polysemic root. It is used in all three languages as an auxiliary with the meaning 'to become'; as a separate verb it can mean 'to grow; to shoot; to cross (e.g. a river); to live up to; to go away, out', with more or less the same set of meanings in all Nakh languages. The attested Ablaut grades are *=āʎ- (see above), *=ēbʎ- (Chech. =īl-, Bacb. =epl- = -ebʎ-), *=ōʎ- (Bacb. =oʎ-), *=ā-b-ʎ- (Chech. =owl-). It is also very probable, that the short Ablaut grade *-iʎ- with the preverb *χ- has yielded the common Nakh verb of being, *χiʎ- > Chech., Ing. χil-, Bacb. χiʎ-.

Bacbian in Kadagidze's recordings has a uniform -ʎ-; Desheriyev, however, writes =al- in the meaning 'to become' (Matsiyev writes =aʎ- 'to become', but =al- 'to go away'). The reason for these variations may be contamination with another widely spread common Nakh verb *=ill- / *=ēbl- / *=ōl(l) 'to put, to begin/finish etc.' (also very polysemic).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=iŁV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to put

Proto-Nakh: *=āʎ- / -iʎ-

Proto-Tsezian: *g-ül-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiƛ:e-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The original meaning must be reconstructed as 'to put', with many secondary semantic developments (especially in Nakh languages). In PTs we would rather expect a *-L:- - the development of a lateral obstruent to *-l- in PTs is rather unique and must be explained by dissimilation with the early added *g-preverb (the lateral fricative lost its usual velar timbre and changed into a resonant).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *gül-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to put

Tsezi: erʷ-

Ginukh: gor-

Khvarshi: gil-

Inkhokvari: gul-

Bezhta: g=il- (Tlad.)

Gunzib: g=ǝl-

Comments: PTsKh *ʔüR- / *güR- (the reason for loss of g- in Tsez. is not clear); PGB *g=ǝl-. All forms (except Bezht.) are taken from Bok. Tsez. In PGB the verb retains class markers (despite the loss of initial vowel), which interact with the root vowel (*gǝl- / *gil- / *gul-).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiƛ:e-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to put 2 to throw 3 to point (to a thief)

Lezghian: g-igi- 3

Tabasaran: jiw- 1

Agul: ije- (Tp.) 1

Rutul: =ije- 2

Tsakhur: a=ɣa- 2

Kryz: ʕ-aj- 1

Budukh: q:-ij- 1

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. pret. g-ige-na; Kryz. q:-ɨj- 'to cover' ( = Bud. q:-i=j-), Bud. e=j- 'to put (from above)', ʕ-ä=j- 'to put inside' ( = Kryz. ʕ-aj-); Tab. Düb. jiw-, dur. ji-l-ɣun- (the original *ƛ: > Tab. -w- in an intervocalic position before -u- /inf. jiw-uz, Düb. jiw-us/, but is not labialised within the cluster -lɣ-). Not quite clear is the Tsakh. vocalism. The verb belongs to the weak class in PL.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=iŁV

Meaning: to put

North Caucasian: *=iŁV

Sino-Tibetan: *lǝ̆H (or OC *ƛaj 'apply, bestow, place'; or *ƛǝwH 1961 `do, make')

Basque: *la-n

Comments and references : (MCGD 7).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lǝ̆H

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: act, treat

Chinese: 以 *lǝʔ use, treat, employ, by, because etc.

Tibetan: las action, act, deed, work.

Comments: Cf. also OC 治 *Łhǝ-s 'to work, regulate, govern'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 治

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhì

Preclassic Old Chinese: Łhǝs

Classic Old Chinese: Łhǝh

Western Han Chinese: Łhǝh

Eastern Han Chinese: lhǝh

Early Postclassic Chinese: dhɨ̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: dhɨ̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: dhɨ̀

Middle Chinese: ḍɨ̀

English meaning : to work, make, regulate, govern

Russian meaning[s]: 1) управлять; править; ведать; административный; 2) регулировать; упорядочивать; 3) лечить, исцелять; 4) налагать взыскание; наказывать (преступников); 5) подведомственный район; резиденция местных властей; 6) порядок, спокойствие, мир; умиротворитель (в последнем значении классическое чтение chí); 7) Чжи (фамилия)

Comments: Also read *Łhǝ, MC ḍɨ (FQ 直之) id. Later semantic developments are ('to regulate' >) 'to cure, heal; to punish'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 85

Four-angle index: 1441

Vietnamese reading: trị

Shijing occurrences: 27.3_

bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-viet,bigchina-shijing,

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 620

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 治

MC description : 止開三去志澄

ZIHUI: 3112 0469

Beijing: c̣î_ 3

Jinan: c̣î_ 3

Xi'an: c̣î_ 3

Taiyuan: ci_ 3

Hankou: ci_ 3

Chengdu: ci_ 3

Yangzhou: ci_ 3

Suzhou: zü 32

Wenzhou: ʒi_ 32

Changsha: c̣î_ 31

Shuangfeng: ʒ̣î_ 32

Nanchang: chi_ 32

Meixian: chi_ 3

Guangzhou: či 32

Xiamen: ti 32 (lit.)

Chaozhou: ti 32

Fuzhou: tei 32

Shanghai: zi_ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: či 3

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Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *la-n

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: work

Bizkaian: lan

Gipuzkoan: lan

High Navarrese: lan

Low Navarrese: lan

Lapurdian: lan

Zuberoan: lan

Roncalese: lan

Comments: The Bsq-NCauc semantic link is not very precise, but typologically possible: cf. Old Slavic dělo ‘work’ : děti ‘to put’. In ST cf. especially Tibetan la-s 'action, act, deed, work' < PST *lǝ̆H 'to act, treat'.