Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ca

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tooth

Chechen: cerg

Ingush: carg

Batsbi: carḳ

Comments: The simple form *ca is preserved in Ing. ca "tooth" (besides the more common cerg) and Chech. ce "horse's tooth" (vocalism levelled by analogy with the obl. base cena-). More widely spread is the original diminutive *car-iḳ (4th class in all languages). Cf. also Cheb. carig, Shar. cerig etc.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *cɨ̆ɫɦV̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tooth

Proto-Nakh: *ca

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *colu

Proto-Tsezian: *s:ɨl A (~s-)

Proto-Dargwa: *cula

Proto-Lezghian: *sɨl:

Proto-Khinalug: culoz

Proto-West Caucasian: *c:A

Notes: One of the most reliable comparisons put forward by Trubetzkoy (1930,277); see also Abdokov 1983, 85. Despite some authors (Dzhavakhishvili 1937,419, Bghazhba 1948,42, Klimov 1963,223) this root has nothing to do with the PNC numeral "one" q.v.

    The only apparent irregularity is the strength of *c: in PWC, while the PEC root vowel is short. This is probably due to the early vowel contraction after the (regular) loss of resonant+laryngeal in PWC.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *colu

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tooth

Avar: ca

Chadakolob: ši-bi

Andian language: sol

Akhvakh: čilo

Chamalal: salʷ

Tindi: salu

Karata: sale

Botlikh: salu

Bagvalal: salu

Comments: Av. paradigm B (pl. ca-bí). The vowel -i- in Akhv. is irregular. We should also note the anomalous form Cham. Gig. suj (pl. su-bi) which could suggest a PA form *colHV with an archaic cluster.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *s:ɨl A (~s-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tooth

Khvarshi: sel

Inkhokvari: sɨl

Bezhta: sila

Gunzib: sɨla

Comments: PTsKh *sɨR (obl. *sɨRa-, cf. Khvarsh. sela-, Inkh. sɨla-). PGB *sɨla is originally the oblique base.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *cula

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tooth

Akusha: cula

Chiragh: cula

Comments: Cf. also Ur., Tsud. cula, Kub. sula etc.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *sɨl:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tooth

Tabasaran: slib

Agul: sileb

Rutul: sɨlab

Tsakhur: sili

Kryz: sil

Budukh: sil

Archi: sot

Udi: uluχ

Comment: Obl. vowel base unclear (in many languages only the original plural form 'teeth' is preserved and passed into singular, thus in Tab., Ag., Rut. and. Ud.). For PL *-l: cf. Arch. sot, pl. sot:-or (where -t:- < *-l:-). Belongs to the 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.

    See Лексика 1971, 111; Гигинейшвили 1977, 70; Талибов 1980, 295.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *c:A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 tooth 2 fang, canine tooth

Abkhaz: á-c 2

Abaza: pǝ-c 1

Adyghe: ca 1

Kabardian: ʒa 1

Ubykh: ca-ḳ́ǝ́ 1

Comments: PAT *cǝ (the pure root is preserved in Abkh. á-c, Bz. á-c 'fang'; the meaning 'tooth' is being rendered by the compound *pǝ-cǝ lit. "front tooth" > Abaz. pǝ-c or *qA-pǝ-cǝ lit. "head's front tooth" > Abkh. a-χa-pǝ́-c (Bz. with secondary voicing a-χa-bǝ́-c).

    PAK *c:a. In Ub. the element -ḳ́ǝ is an original singularity marker.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *śtɨ̆ɫɦV̄

Meaning: tooth

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *cɨ̆ɫɦV̄

Sino-Tibetan: *ĆVj

Comments and references : WFR 47. Cf. PEA *c'el 'bone'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ĆVj

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tooth, fang

Tibetan: mćhe-ba corner-tooth, canine tooth, fang, tusk.

Burmese: ǝćwaj tusk, fang, LB *cwaj ~ *ćwaj.

Kachin: ǯi³ to set and show teeth.

Lushai: KC *m-tśhi / *m-si / *m-fi.

Comments: Sh. 54; Luce 22.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVLV

Meaning : sharp stick

Eurasiatic : *c`iĺV

Sino-Caucasian : *[c]ɨ̆ɫɦV̄ ( ~ *st-)

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *c`iĺV

Meaning: sharp stick

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *sīĺa

Uralic: *ćilV-mV

Dravidian: *Ceḷ- (SDr 2370); *cil- 'sharp stick' (2568) (et al.)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *šǝlqǝ- 'blunt tooth, notch'

References: ND 2199a *ŝiʡĺV ~ *ĉiʡlV 'tooth, fang' (+ Soq, ECush Kns); 2201 *ŝi/eĺXV 'bough, twig, stick' (same Alt. + Drav. *Ceḷ- + Eg., Hausa).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *sīĺa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sharp stick; tooth

Russian meaning: острая палочка; зуб

Turkic: *sīĺ / *sɨ̄ĺ

Mongolian: *sidü

Tungus-Manchu: *sila(-bun)

Korean: *sár

Japanese: *sàs-, *sàsì

Comments: EAS 108, VEWT 424, Doerfer TMN 3, 325-326 (with quite unjustified doubts), MT 240 (Turk.-Tung.), Miller 1970, 129, Street 1980, 300, АПиПЯЯ 288, Дыбо 13, Мудрак Дисс. 41-42, Лексика 228. The comparison with Kor. and Jpn. seems very probable, although here we have a rather rare case of tonal irregularity: one would expect a low tone in Kor. and a high tone in Japanese. In Jpn. the tonal irregularity could be explained by a contamination with some different root - e.g., with the root reflected in PT *sanč- 'to pierce' (ЭСТЯ 7); but the Kor. high tone is still unexplained. It is interesting to note the common Turkic-Mongolian derivative meaning "2-year-old sheep or camel": Turkic *siĺek / *diĺek (see VEWT 424), MMong. šilegu, Khalkha šilbe, Bur. šülge (certainly not a loan in Mong. < Turk., despite Róna-Tas 1970, 215 with a detailed analysis of the words, see Poppe 1974, 123). The variant *diĺek (attested in MK tišek and in Yak. tisege, see EDT 563) is an obvious innovation in a part of Old Turkic dialects, following the replacement of *siĺ 'tooth' by *dīĺ q. v., just like WMong. sidüleŋ "2-year-old sheep" is an innovation following the replacement of original *sil 'tooth' by the suffixed formation *sil-dü > sidü.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *sīĺ / *sɨ̄ĺ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 tooth 2 sharp stick

Russian meaning: 1 зуб 2 вертел, острый колышек

Old Turkic: sɨš 2 (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: sɨš 2 (MK)

Turkish: šiš 2

Tatar: šeš 2

Middle Turkic: sɨš 2 (Sangl.)

Uighur: šiš 2

Azerbaidzhan: šiš 2

Turkmen: čīš 2

Khakassian: sǝs 2

Shor: šɨš 2

Oyrat: šiš 2

Chuvash: šъl 1

Tuva: šiš 2

Tofalar: šiš 2

Kirghiz: šiš 2

Kazakh: is 2

Bashkir: šeš 2

Balkar: šiš 2

Karaim: šɨš 2

Karakalpak: is 2

Kumyk: čiš 2

Comments: VEWT 424, TMN 3, 324, EDT 856-7. Turk. > Kalm. čiš, šiš (KW 442). An interesting common Turkic derivative is *sīĺ-le > *sīle 'судак' (fish name), as "fish with teeth" (Turkm. sīle, Chuv. šъla etc., see ЭСТЯ 7; Turk. > Hung. süllő, see MNyTESz 3, 628): such derivation may be postulated on analogy with KKalp. tĭsli, Uzb. tišli (balɨq) 'судак', lit. 'fish with teeth'.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *sidü

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: tooth

Russian meaning: зуб

Written Mongolian: sidü(n) (L 698)

Middle Mongolian: šidun (HY 45), šidu, sudu (SH), sidon (IM), šidun, sidun (MA), sidūn (LH)

Khalkha: šüd(en)

Buriat: šüde(n)

Kalmuck: šüdṇ

Ordos: šüdü

Dongxian: šǝdun

Baoan: (š)doŋ, hdoŋ

Dagur: šide (Тод. Даг. 183, MD 215), šid

Shary-Yoghur: šdǝn, šǝdǝn

Monguor: šdi (SM 371)

Mogol: südün

Comments: KW 370, MGCD 728.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *sila(-bun)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: spit

Russian meaning: вертел

Evenki: silawun

Even: hịlụn

Negidal: sịlawụn

Literary Manchu: šolon

Ulcha: sịlopụ(n)

Orok: sịlopụ(n)

Nanai: sịlpõ

Oroch: silō(n)

Udighe: silou(n)

Solon: š́ila- 'to roast'

Comments: ТМС 2, 82. Most languages also reflect the verb *sila- 'to roast on a spit, to put on a spit'.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *sár

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: arrow; sting

Russian meaning: стрела; жало

Modern Korean: sal

Middle Korean: sár

Comments: Liu 436, HMCH 277, KED 895.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *sàs-, *sàsì

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to prick, stab; sharp stick

Russian meaning: вонзать, колоть; острая палочка

Old Japanese: sas-, sasi

Middle Japanese: sàs-, sasi

Tokyo: sás-, sashí

Kyoto: sás-

Kagoshima: sàs-

Comments: JLTT 748.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1219

Proto: *ćilV-mV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: fang (of predators)

German meaning: Eckzahn (von Raubtieren)

Saam (Lapp): čâlam (N) 'fang of an animal (e.g. of a dog)', L tjalān 'Eckzahn, Fangzahn (bei Raubtieren)', K (T. I. Itk., WbKKlp. 642) Kld. tš́a̮ллan, Ko. P tša̮ɫɫȧ̮m 'Hauzahn (des Hundes, Raubtieres)'

Mordovian: ćiĺem-, ćiĺim- (E), M śeĺäń-, ćiĺäń-: ć. pej, ś. pej 'Überzahn' (pej 'Zahn')

K. Redei's notes: Läpp. und mord. m ist wohl ein denom. Substantivsuffix. Mord. n ist sekundär.

References: S-Laute 55.

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *šǝlqǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): зазубрина, тупой зуб, мизинец

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *šǝlqǝ- "

Proto-Itelmen: *saɫk-: *saɫk-iɫk'-ačh

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *šǝlqǝ- "

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): зазубрина 1, притупиться (о зубах) 2, трескаться 3

Chukchee: rǝ́lqǝ- 2

Alutor: tǝlqǝ-tǝl " 1, tǝlqǝ- 3, 2

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *saɫk-: *saɫk-iɫk'-ačh

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): мизинец

Itelmen meaning: мизинец

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